Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry

Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry
Matter and Energy
• Matter – anything that occupies space

and has mass (weight)
• Energy – the ability to do work
• Chemical
• Electrical
• Mechanical
• Radiant
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.1
Composition of Matter
• Elements
• Fundamental units of matter
• 96% of the body is made from four elements
• Carbon (C)
• Oxygen (O)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Atoms
• Building blocks of elements
Atomic Structure
• Nucleus
• Protons (p+)
• Neutrons (n0)
• Outside of
nucleus
• Electrons (e-)
Figure 2.1
Identifying Elements
• Atomic number
• Equal to the number of protons that the
atoms contain
• Atomic mass number
• Sum of the protons and neutrons
Atomic Weight and Isotopes
• Isotopes
• Have the same number of protons
• Vary in number of neutrons
• Atomic weight
• Close to mass number of most abundant
isotope
• Atomic weight reflects natural isotope
variation
Molecules and Compounds
• Molecule – two or more like atoms

combined chemically
• Compound – two or more different
atoms combined chemically
Chemical Reactions
• Atoms are united by chemical bonds

• Atoms dissociate from other atoms
when chemical bonds are broken
Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds
• Form when electrons are completely
transferred from one atom to another
• Ions
• Charged particles
• Anions are negative
• Cations are positive
• Either donate or accept electrons
Matter: Atoms and Molecules
• Ionic Bonding
Figure 2-4(a)
Table 2-2
Chemical Bonds
• Covalent Bonds
• Atoms become stable through shared electrons
• Single covalent bonds share one electron
• Double covalent bonds share two electrons
Figure 2.6c
Examples of Covalent Bonds
Figure 2.6a, b
Polarity
• Covalent bonded
molecules
• Some are
non-polar
• Electrically neutral
as a molecule
• Some are
polar
• Have a positive
and negative side
Figure 2.7
• Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds

• Equal electron sharing
• Nonpolar covalent bonds
• Example: carbon-carbon bonds
• Non-equal electron sharing
• Polar covalent bonds
• Example: oxygen-hydrogen bonds
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Chemical Bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
• Weak chemical bonds
• Hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of
polar molecule
• Provides attraction between molecules
• Hydrogen Bonds
Figure 2-6
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)

• Atoms or molecules combine
• Energy is absorbed for bond formation
• Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)
• Molecule is broken down
• Chemical energy is released
Synthesis and Decomposition
Reactions
Figure 2.9a, b
Patterns of Chemical Reactions
• Exchange reaction (ABAC+B)

• Involves both synthesis and decomposition
reactions
• Switch is made between molecule parts
and different molecules are made
• Nutrients
• Essential elements and molecules obtained from
the diet
• Metabolites
• Molecules synthesized or broken down by
chemical reactions inside the body

Biochemistry: Essentials for Life
• Organic compounds
• Contain carbon
• Most are covalently bonded
• Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Inorganic compounds
• Lack carbon
• Tend to be simpler compounds
• Example: H2O (water)
Inorganic Compounds
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

• Gas produced by cellular metabolism and
released into the atmosphere via the lungs
• Oxygen (O2)
• Atmospheric gas consumed by cells in
order to produce energy

Important Inorganic Compounds
• Water
• Most abundant inorganic compounds
• Vital properties
• High heat capacity
• Polarity/solvent properties
• Chemical reactivity
• Cushioning
• Salts
• Easily dissociate into ions in the
presence of water
• Vital to many body functions
• Include electrolytes which conduct
electrical currents
• Acids
• Can release detectable hydrogen ions
• Bases
• Proton acceptors
• Neutralization reaction
• Acids and bases react to form water and a
salt
pH
• Measures relative
concentration of
hydrogen ions
• pH 7 = neutral
• pH below 7 = acidic
• pH above 7 = basic
• Buffers
• Chemicals that can
regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
Inorganic Compounds
• Buffers
• Maintain pH within normal limits
(pH 7.35 to pH 7.45)
• Release hydrogen ions if body fluid
is too basic
• Absorb hydrogen ions if body fluid is
too acidic

Organic Compounds
• Organic Compounds
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and
usually oxygen
• Important classes of organic
compounds include:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

Important Organic Compounds
• Carbohydrates
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Include sugars and starches
• Classified according to size
• Monosaccharides – simple sugars
• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined
by dehydration synthesis
• Polysaccharides – long branching chains
of linked simple sugars
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.12a, b
Carbohydrates
Figure 2.12c
• Lipids
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
• Insoluble in water
• Common lipids in the human body

• Neutral fats (triglycerides)
• Found in fat deposits
• Composed of fatty acids and glycerol
• Source of stored energy
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.30a
Organic Compounds
•Triglycerides— Formed
by three fatty acid
molecules bonding to a
glycerol molecule
Figure 2-13
• Common lipids in the human body

(continued)
• Phospholipids
• Form cell membranes
• Steroids
• Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D,
and some hormones
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.30b
Lipids
Figure 2.14a, b
Cholesterol
Building block for steroid hormones
Component of cell membranes
Figure 2.14c
• Proteins
• Made of amino acids
• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.33a
Organic Compounds
•Proteins are
built from
amino acids
Figure 2-16(a)
Organic Compounds
•Peptide bonds join
amino acids into long
strings
Figure 2-16(b)
Organic Compounds
• Protein Structure
Figure 2-17
Protein
• Account for over half of the body’s organic
matter
• Provides for construction materials for
body tissues
• Plays a vital role in cell function
• Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 2.33b
Enzymes
• Act as biological catalysts
• Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16
• Nucleic Acids
• Provide blueprint of life
• Nucleotide bases
• A = Adenine
• G = Guanine
• C = Cytosine
• T = Thymine
• U = Uracil
• Make DNA and RNA
Organic Compounds
• Nucleic Acids
• Large molecules
• Built from atoms of C, H, O, N, and P
• Store and process molecular information
• Two classes of nucleic acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Organic Compounds
• Structure of Nucleic Acids

• Nucleotides contain a sugar, a
phosphate, and a base
• Sugar-phosphate bonds link
nucleotides in long strands
• Hydrogen bonds hold two DNA
strands in a double helix

Organic Compounds
•The Structure of
Nucleic Acids
Figure 2-19ab
Organic Compounds
•The Structure of Nucleic Acids
Figure 2-19cd
• Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
• Organized by
complimentary bases
to form double helix
• Replicates before
cell division
• Provides instruction
for every protein in
the body Figure 2.17c
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

• Chemical energy used by all cells
• Energy is released by breaking high energy
phosphate bond
• ATP is replenished by oxidation of food
fuels
High-Energy Compounds
• Catabolism releases energy

• Cells store energy in high-energy
compounds
• High-energy compounds drive
endergonic reactions
• ATP is the most important high-energy
compound in cells
• ATP keeps cells alive!

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.18a
How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.19
Summary of Body Chemistry
• Organic Chemical Building Blocks
Figure 2-22

Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry

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Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry

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Chapter 2

• Matter – anything that occupies space

• Molecule – two or more like atoms

• Atoms are united by chemical bonds

• Nonpolar and Polar Covalent Bonds

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)

• Exchange reaction (ABAC+B)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Common lipids in the human body

• Common lipids in the human body

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Structure of Nucleic Acids

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

• Catabolism releases energy

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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