HIGHWAY DESIGNING

PLANNING
SURVEY
INTERPRETATION OF PLANNING
SURVEYS
• To arrive at the road net-work out of several alternate possible
road systems .
• Tofix up priority of the construction projects.
• Toassessthe actual road use by studying the traffic flow patterns .
• Designing using previous data and past experience of traffic type,
intensity, performance of existing roadsetc.
• Comparison of areas for information on areas for immediate need
for road network .
• The data obtained in fact finding surveys may be analysed for the
future trends in development of an area . This information is
useful in the future planning.
 HIGHWAY
ALIGNMENT
 Requirements

• Short

• Easy

• Safe

• Economical
Factors Controlling Alignment
Obligatory points
Traffic
Geometric Design
Economics
Other Considerations
ENGINEERING SURVEYS FORHIGHWAY
LOCATIONS
 Map Study

1. Alignment avoiding valleys, ponds or lakes.

2. Approximate location of bridesite.
3. Possibility of crossing through a mountain pass.
 Reconnaissance

1. Obstructions along route such as Valleys, Ponds etc.

2. Approximate value of gradient, alternate alignments.

3. Soil type and sources of constructionmaterials.

 Preliminary Survey

1. Survey various alternate alignments.

2. Tocompare different proposals.

3.Toestimate quantity of earthwork materials to workout cost of

alternate proposals.
 Final Location And Detailed Survey

1. Done using transit theodolite.

2. Location of centre line.

3. Levelling work along that centre line as verticalalignments.

HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN
 Cross Section Elements

1. Pavement surface characteristics

2. Camber

3. Kerbs

4. Carriageway

5. Road Margins
Pavement Surface Characteristics
Camber And Kerb
Carriageway
Road Margins
 SIGHT DISTANCE

1.It is the actual distance along the road surface,which a driver

has visibility of stationary ormoving objects.

2. Restrictions to this may caused athorizontal curves, vertical

curves or at intersections.
 HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT

• Often changes in the direction are necessitated inhighway

alignment due to obligatorypoints.
• Alignment should enable consistent, safe and smooth
movement of vehicles operating at designspeeds.
• Horizontal Alignment Consists:-
– Design Speed
– Horizontal Curves
– Super elevation
– Widening of Pavement
– Transition Curve
 VERTICAL ALIGNMENT

• The vertical alignment is the elevation or profile of the centre

line of the road.

• It consists
– Gradient
– Vertical Curves
 Gradient

• Rate of rise or fall along the length of road w.r.t. the horizontal.
• Expressed as ratio of 1 in x (1 vertical in x horizontal)

• Types
– Ruling gradient
– Exceptional gradient
– Minimum gradient
 Vertical Curves

• These are introduced tosmoothen out the vertical profile

• Types of vertical curves

– Summit curve with convexityupward
– Valley curve with concavityupward
Summit Curve
Valley Curve