DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

PATHWAY
 Source encoder
• Source Encoding is the process of efficiently converting the output of
analog or digital source into a sequence of binary digits is known
as source encoding.
• Using base2 for encoding the string
• Eg Source message: HELLO
• Binary form of data: 01001000 01000101 01001100 01001100
0100111
 Start

Input ASCII
value

Divide number
by 2

N If Y
rem=1

Mark as 0 Mark as 1

N Is last Y Write all binary End

digit
values bottom up
Encryptor
• Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest method of
encryption technique.
• The encryption can be represented using modular arithmetic by first
transforming the letters into numbers, according to the scheme, A =
0, B = 1,…, Z = 25. Encryption of a letter by a shift n can be described
mathematically as.
• E(X)= (X+K)(mod26)
• Eg: Plain text: HELLO
Cipher text: IFMMP
Channel encoder
• Channel codes are used to add protection against errors in the channel.
• It can be seen as a way of increasing the distance between transmitted alternatives, so that a
receiver has a better chance of detecting the correct one in a noisy channel.
• We can classify channel codes in two principal groups:

BLOCK CODES CONVOLUTION CODES

Encodes data in blocks of Encodes data in a stream,
k, using code words of without breaking it into
length n blocks, creating code
sequences.
EXAMPLE
“HE--O”
it can still be “decoded” properly. What does it say?
There is something more than information in the original word that allows us to decode it
properly, redundancy.

Redundancy is available in almost all “natural” data, such as text, music, images, etc.
Convolution codes
• In convolution codes, the coded bits are formed as convolutions
between the incoming bits and a number of generator sequences.
• We will view the encoder as a shift register with memory L and N
generator sequences (convolution sums).
Modulation
• Modulation is a process of changing the
characteristics of the wave to be transmitted by
superimposing the message signal on the high
frequency signal.
• Modulation techniques are classified into two major
types: analog and digital or pulse modulation.
• A message signal is converted from analog to digital
message, and then modulated by using a carrier
wave.
• Digital modulation is of several types depending on
the type of signal and application used such as
Amplitude Shift Keying, Frequency Shift Keying,
Phase Shift Keying, Differential Phase Shift Keying,
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, Minimum Shift
Keying, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying, Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing, etc.
 • Amplitude shift keying changes the amplitude of
the carrier wave based on the base band signal or
message signal, which is in digital format. It is used
for low-band requirements and is sensitive to noise.
Sample • Eg: HELLO
• Binary form of data: 01001000 01000101 01001100
01001100 0100111

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

H
 Demodulation
• Demodulation is a key process in the reception of any amplitude modulated signals whether used for
broadcast or two way radio communication systems.
• Demodulation is the process by which the original information bearing signal, i.e. the modulation is
extracted from the incoming overall received signal.
• The demodulator is the circuit, or for a software defined radio, the software that is used to recover the
information content from the overall incoming modulated signal.
• AM demodulators are found in many items of radio equipment: broadcast receivers, professional radio
communication equipment, walkie talkies - AM is still used for air-band radio communications.

Modulated Data Demodulated Data

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

H H
Channel decoder
Decryptor
• Caesar Cipher technique is one of the earliest and simplest method of
decryption technique.
• The encryption can be represented using modular arithmetic by first
transforming the letters into numbers, according to the scheme, A =
0, B = 1,…, Z = 25. Encryption of a letter by a shift n can be described
mathematically as.
• Decryption is just as easy, by using an offset of -1.
• E(X)= (X-K)(mod26)
• Eg: Plain text: IFMMP
Cipher text: HELLO
Source Decoder

• Source decoding is the process of efficiently converting the output of

sequence of binary digits into analog or digital format according to
the source message.
• Using base10 for encoding the string
• Eg: Binary form of data: 01001000 01000101 01001100 01001100
0100111
• Source data: HELLO
Thank You