Facility Design-Week 4

Flow, Space, and Activity Relationship

and Personnel Requirement

Anastasia L.M.

1
Space Requirements & Space Availability
 Determination of the Production Rate
 Determination of Batch Production Quantities
 Economic Order Quantity Models
 Reject Allowance Problem
 Determination of Equipment Requirements
 Determination of Employee Requirements
 Manual Assembly Operators
 Machine Operators
 Determination of Space Requirements
 Tables for Aisle Allowance, Food Services and Restrooms
 Other Methods to Determine Space Requirements
 Parking Space

2
Determination of the Production Rate
 The production rate of a department is
a major determinant of the amount of
a
space required. The production rate of a
processing station is the number of units
produced per time unit. The production 1
rate can be determined from a marketing p
forecast of the finished product.

 Notation:
r s
a = arrival rate of raw material. 1
d = demand rate of a product.
p = production rate of a processing station.
d
s = scrap probability of an inspection
station.
r = rework probability of an inspection
station.
3
 1 3
Example 1 p1 p3

2 4
p2 p4
Consider the operation process chart shown in the
Figure. The percentage of rejected parts at
inspection stations 1, 2 and 3 are 5%, 4% and s1 s2
1 2
6%, respectively. The annual operating time is
2,500 hours, and the annual demand forecast for
the product is 490,000 units. Due to possible (2) (1)
forecasting errors, 10,000 additional units per
year are required. Find the production rate at 5
each station. p5

6
p6

s3
3
d
4
Example 1 Solution p1
1
p3
3

2 4
490,000  10,000 p4
d  200 units / hr. p2
2,500
s1 s2
(good units) 1 2

d 200
p5  p 6    212.76 units / hr. (2) (1)
(1  s3 ) 0.94
5
p5 212.76 p5
p3  p4    22163
. units / hr.
(1  s2 ) 0.96
6
2  p5 2  212.76 p6
p1  p 2    447.92 units / hr.
(1  s1 ) 0.95
s3
3
d
5
Example 2

Consider a product that requires a single operation. After the

operation is performed, each unit is inspected. A unit passes
inspection with probability 0.92, is scrapped with probability 0.05, or
has to be reworked with probability 0.03. If the demand for this
product is 82,000 units per year and the annual operating time is
2,500 hours, determine the production rate at the processing station.

82,000
a d  32.80 units / hr. (good units)
2,500
1
d 32.80
p p   35.65 units / hr.
(1  s  r ) 0.92
r s
1
a  p  (1  r )  35.65 0.97  34.58 units / hr.
d
6
Determination of Batch Production Quantities

 In process layout, a given machine can be used to process

different products. In certain product layouts, the same
production (or assembly) line can be used to produce (or
assemble) similar products with the same process plan. In
both of these cases, jobs are produced in batches. Optimal
batch production quantities can be computed using an
inventory control model.

 Process layouts are also used in job shops where “one-

shot” jobs are received and processed. Rather than
producing for inventory, the order is processed and shipped
to the customer. The reject allowance problem determines
the optimal production lot size for a given order when a
portion of the lot may be defective.

7
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model

 Assumptions:
 Items are withdrawn from stock continuously at a constant demand rate a
(units/time unit).
 Items are produced or ordered Q units at a time, and all Q units arrive
instantaneously, i.e., there is no lead time.
 This is a continuous review process, i.e., we look at the inventory continuously
and when it reaches zero, we order.

 Notation:
K = setup cost ($/order).
c = unit purchasing or production cost ($/unit).
h = unit holding cost ($/unit/time unit).
X(t) = inventory on hand at time t.
T = cycle time (time between consecutive orders).

8
Reject Allowance Problem
In job shops, one time jobs are received and processed. There is no
production to inventory. Each batch is only produced once. If there is a
defective rate, how many units must be produced? The following
expected profit model is formulated to determine the optimal batch size:

Q
max Q E[ P(Q)]   {R (Q, x)  C(Q, x)}p Q ( x)
x0
where Q = lot size,
x = number of good parts,
pQ(x) = P{X=x : lot size is Q}, x=0,1,…,Q,
R(Q,x) = revenue for producing Q parts with exactly x good ones,
C(Q,x) = cost for producing Q parts with exactly x good ones,
P(Q,x) = R(Q,x) - C(Q,x) : profit for producing Q parts with x good ones,
E[] = expected value.

9
Example 2
 A company receives an order for 10 machined parts. The unit sale price is
$1,000. Only one production can be made due to the long setup time
required and short due date of the order. If 8 or fewer parts are
acceptable, the customer will cancel the order. If 9 or 10 parts are
acceptable, the customer will purchase all of them. If more than 10 parts
are acceptable, the customer will only buy 10. The remaining parts, good
or bad, can be sold for $25 each. The cost of producing a part is
estimated to be $600. Find the optimal lot size.

 Probability mass function pQ(x):

Number of good parts

Lot size 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
10 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
11 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2
12 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
13 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1
14 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1

10
Example 2 Solution

 25  Q x  0,...,8

R(Q, x)   1000x  25(Q  x) x  9,10
1000  10  25(Q  10) x  11,..., Q


C(Q,x) = C(Q) = 600Q

Q Q
E[ P(Q)]   {R (Q, x)  C(Q, x)}p Q ( x)   [ R (Q, x)  p Q ( x)]  C(Q)
x0 x0

8 10 Q
E[ P(Q)]   25  Q  p Q ( x)   [1000  x  25(Q  x)]p Q ( x)   (10000  25(Q  10)]p Q ( x)  600  Q
x0 x9 x  11
10 Q
  975  x  p Q ( x)  9750  p Q ( x)  575  Q
x9 x  11

11
Example 2 Solution (cont.)

 E[P(10)] = 975(90.3+100.2) + 97500 - 57510 = -1167.50

 E[P(11)] = 975(90.3+100.3) + 97500.2 - 57511 = 1182.50
 E[P(12)] = 975(90.2+100.3) + 9750(0.2+0.2) - 57512 =
1680.00
 E[P(13)] = 975(90.2+100.2) + 9750(0.3+0.2+0.1) - 57513 =
2080.00
 E[P(14)] = 975(100.2) + 9750(0.2+0.3+0.2+0.1) - 57514 =
1700.00

 Optimal lot size: Q* = 13 units

Expected profit: E[P(Q*)] = $2,080.00

12
Determination of Equipment Requirements

Given the desired production rate at each processing stage,

we can determine the number of required machines:

 n Pij  Tij 
Mj   
i 1 H ij 

wherePij = production rate for product i on machine j (units/period),

Tij = processing time for product i on machine j (hrs./unit),
Hij = time units available per period for the processing of
product i on machine j (hrs.),
Mj = number of machines of type j required,
n = number of products.

13
Example 3
CIN-A1 Workcenters are used to produce three types of parts, {1, 2,
3}. Production rates and unit processing times for the different items
are given in the following table:

Item type Production rate Unit processing time

i Pi (units/day) Ti (min./unit)
1 100 6
2 200 9
3 50 12

The facility operates one shift per day (8 hrs./day = 480 min./day).
Determine the number of workcenters required to meet production
requirements.
Hi = min. available to process item i per day (Hi = 480 min.),
MA = number of workcenters.

 3 Pi  Ti  100  6  200  9  50  12 
MA       6.25  7 workcenters CIN  A1.
i 1 H i   480 

14
Employee Requirements - Manual Assembly
In the case of manual assembly operations, the number of employees
required is determined in the same way machine requirements are
calculated:

 n Pij  Tij 
Aj   
i 1 H ij 

where
Pij = production rate for assembly operation j of product i
(units/period),
Tij = standard time for assembly operation j of product i (hrs./unit),
Hij = time units available per period for assembly operation j of
product i (hrs.),
Aj = number of operators required for assembly operation j,
n = number of products.

15
Multiple Activity Chart Analysis of Multi-Machine Assignment

O-1 M-1 O-1 M-1 M-2 O-1 M-1 M-2 M-3

0
R
L-1 L L-1 L L-1 L
2 I R
I&T I&T LEGEND:
R
4 U-2 U O : Operator
M : Machine
6 U-2 U L-2 L L : Load
R R U : Unload
R
8 L-2 L I&T I : Inspection
I&T U-3 U T : Travel
10 R : Automatic run
L-3 L : Idle time
12 R
U-1 U U-1 U I&T
14 R
L-1 L L-1 L U-1 U
16 I R
I&T L-1 L
18 R R I&T R
U-2 U U-2 U
20

16
Employee Requirements - Machine Operators
 The number of machine operators required depends on the number of
machines tended by one or more operators. The determination of the
number of machines to be assigned to one operator can take two
approaches:
 deterministic,

 probabilistic.

 A deterministic approach is to employ the multiple activity chart. This

chart shows the multiple activity relationships graphically against a time
scale. The chart is useful in analyzing multiple activity relationships,
specially, when non-identical machines are supervised by a single
operator.

 Let a = concurrent activity time (loading, unloading, etc.),

b = independent operator activity time (inspecting, packing, etc.),
t = independent machine activity time (automatic run),
n’ = maximum number of machines that can be assigned to an
operator.
17
Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)
at
n' 
ab
 Note that n’ may be non-integer.

 Let m = (integer) number of machines assigned to an operator,

Tc = repeating cycle time,
I0 = idle operator time during a repeating cycle,
Im = idle time per machine during a repeating cycle.

 at m  n'
Tc  
m(a  b) m  n'
(1)

(a  t )  m(a  b) m  n'

I0  
 0 m  n'
18
Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)
m(a  b)  (a  t ) m  n'
Im  
 0 m  n'

 Let c1 = cost per operator - hr.,

c2 = cost per machine - hr.,
TC(m) = cost per unit produced, based on the assignment of m
machines per operator.
Tc
TC( m)  (c1  m  c 2 )
(2)
m
 Substituting (1) into (2),

 (c  m  c 2 )(a  t ) m  n'
 1
TC( m)   m
 m  n'
(c1  m  c 2 )(a  b)
19
Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)

 We want to find the value of m that minimizes TC(m).

 Note that for m  n’, m ()  TC(m) (),

and for m > n’, m ()  TC(m) ().

 If n’ is integer, n’ is the optimal number of machines per operator.

Otherwise, let n < n’ < n+1. In this case, TC(n) and TC(n+1) have to be compared:

TC( n) (c1  n  c 2 )(a  t )   n n'

   
TC( n  1) [c1  ( n  1)c 2 ]n(a  b)   n  1 n

c
where   1c .
2

 If  <1, assign n machines per operator.

If  >1, assign n+1 machines per operator.

20
Example 4
 Semiautomatic machines are used to produce a particular product. It
takes 4 minutes to load and 3 minutes to unload a machine. A machine
runs automatically for 25 minutes in producing one unit of the product.
Travel time between machines is 20 seconds. While machines are
automatically running, the operator inspects the unit previously produced;
75 seconds are required to inspect one unit. An operator costs $15 per
hour, and a machine costs $40 per hour.
a) Determine the number of machines assigned to an operator to minimize
the cost per unit produced.
a = 4 + 3 = 7 min., b = 20 + 75 = 95 sec. = 1.58 min., t = 25 min.,
c1 = $15/hr. = $0.25/min., c2 = $40/hr. = $0.67/min.

7  25
n'   3.73
7  158
.
(0.25  3  0.67)(7  25)  m* = 3 machines/operator.
TC(3)   $24.0
3
TC(4)  (0.25  4  0.67)(7  158
. )  $25.03
21
Example 4 (cont.)
b) For what range of values of machine cost per hour will the optimal
assignment determined in part (a) be economic.

TC(3)  TC(4),

(0.25  3  c 2 )(7  25)

 (0.25  4  c 2 )(7  158
. ),
3

(0.25 + 3c2) 1.24  (0.25 + 4c2),

0.0607  0.27c2  c2  0.225,

c2  $0.225/min. = $13.48/hr.

22
Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification

 A workstation consists of the fixed assets

needed to perform a specific operation(s).
 The equipment space consists of space for
- The equipment - Machine maintenance
- Machine travel - Plant services

23
Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification

 A Equipment space requirements are available from machinery data

sheets (provided by the supplier). If this data is not available, the
following information must be obtained for each machine:
- Machine manufacturer and type - Maximum travel to the left
- Machine model and serial number - Maximum travel to the right
- Location of machine safety stops - Static depth at maximum point
- Floor loading requirement - Maximum travel towards the
operator
- Static height at maximum point - Maximum travel away from the
operator
- Maximum vertical travel - Maintenance requirements and
areas
- Static width at maximum point - Plant service
requirements and areas

24
Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification (cont.)

 Area requirements for a machine:

Total width = (static width) + (max. travel to left) +

(max. travel to right)

Total depth = (static depth) + (max. travel toward

operator) + (max. travel away from operator)

Area (machine + machine travel) = (total width) * (total

depth)

25
Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification (cont.)

 The materials areas consists of space for

 Receiving and storing materials
 In-process materials
 Storing and shipping materials
 Storing and shipping waste and scrap
 Tools, fixtures, jigs, dies, and maintenance materials

 The personnel areas consists of space for

 The operator
 Material handling
 Operator ingress and egress

26
General Guidelines for Design of Workstations

 The operator should be able to pick up and discharge materials

without walking or making long or awkward reaches.

 The operator should be utilized efficiently and effectively.

 The time spent manually handling materials should be minimized.

 The safety, comfort and productivity of the operator must be

maximized.

 Hazards, fatigue and eye strain must be minimized.

 A workstation sketch is required to determine total area

requirements.

27
Space Req’s.: Department Specification

 Department area requirements are not simply the sum of the

areas of the individual workstations included in each department.

 Machine maintenance, plant services, incoming and outgoing

materials, and operator ingress and egress areas for various
workstations must be combined.

 Additional space is required for material handling within the

department. Space requirements for aisles can be approximated
since the relative sizes of the loads to be handled are known.

28
Tables for Aisle Allowance

Table 2. Recommended Aisle Widths

Table 1. Aisle Allowance Estimates for Various Types of Flow
Aisle Allowance Type of Flow Aisle Width
If the Largest Load is (Percentage of Net (ft)
Area Required)
2 Tractors 12
Less than 6 ft 5 – 10 3-ton Forklift 11
2
Between 6 and 12 ft 10 – 20 2-ton Forklift 10
2
Between 12 and 18 ft 20 – 30 1-ton Forklift 9
2
Greater than 18 ft 30 - 40 Narrow Aisle Truck 6
Manual Platform Truck 5
Personnel 3
In Example 5, Personnel with Doors Opening 6
86 into the Aisle from One Side
10   (20  10)  13.33 %. Personnel with Doors Opening 8
12  6 into the Aisle from Two Sides

29
 Example 5
A planning department for the ABC Company consists of 13 machines that perform turning
operations. Five turret lathes, six automatic screw machines, and two chuckers are
included in the planning department. Bar stock, in 8-ft bundles, is delivered to the
machines. The footprints for the machines are 412 ft2 for the turret lathes, 414 ft2 for
the screw machines, and 56 ft2 for the chuckers. Personnel space footprints of 45 ft2 are
used. Materials storage requirements are estimatefd to be 20 ft2 per turret lathe, 40 ft2
per screw machine, and 50 ft2 per chucker. An aisle space allowance of 13% is used. The
space calculations are summarized in the table below.
2
Service Requirements Area (ft )
Workstation Quantity Floor Ceiling
Power Compressed Other Loading Height Equipment Material Personnel Total
Air
Turret 5 440 V 10 CFM @ 150 PSF 4’ 240 100 100 440
Lathe AC 100 psi
Screw 6 440 V 10 CFM @ 190 PSF 4’ 336 240 120 696
Machine AC 100 psi
Chucker 2 440 V 10 CFM @ 150 PSF 5’ 60 100 40 200
AC 100 psi
Net Area Required 1336
13% Aisle Allowance 174
Total Area Required 1510
30
 Service and Manufacturing Facilities
Organization Showers Lavatories Water Closets Water Others
Fountain
Restaurants - 1 per 200 1 per 75 1 per 500 1service
sink
Arenas (capacity - 1 per 200 1 per 120 (male); 1 1 per 1000 1 service
more than 3000) (male); 1 per 60 (female) sink
per 150
(female)
Churches - 1 per 200 1 per 150 (male); 1 1 per 1000 1 service
per 75 (female) sink
Schools - 1 per 50 1 per 50 1 per 100 1 service
sink
Airports - 1 per 750 1 per 500 1 per 1000 1 service
sink
Factories Section 1 per 100 1 per 100 1 per 1000 1 service
411 sink
Hospitals 1 per 15 1 per room 1 per room 1 per 100 1 service
sink
Prisons 1 per 15 1 per cell 1 per cell 1 per 100 1 service
sink
Hotels 1 per 1 per room 1 per room - 1 service
room sink
Dormitories 1 per 8 1 per 10 1 per 10 1 per 100 1 service
sink 31
 Service and Manufacturing Facilities
Organization Parking spaces
Restaurants (with drive- One space per 75 square feet of floor area or 1.5 persons
through facilities) (whichever is greater)
Theaters, Arenas, and One space per 8 feet of bench length or 4 seats (whichever is
Assembly areas greater)
Secondary schools and One space per 8 students, one-and-a-half spaces per classroom,
Colleges and number of spaces for gymnasium/assembly hall seating
Factories One space per 1000 square feet of area plus number of spaces for
offices
Hospitals Two spaces per bed
Churches One space per three persons
Hotels One space per guest room plus number of spaces for accessory
uses
Warehouses One space per 2000 square feet of floor area

32
Food Services
Table 3. Shift Timing for 30 min.
Lunch Breaks Table 5. Space Requirements
Beginning of Time Sat Down End of for Full Kitchens
Lunch Break In Chair Lunch Break
11:30 am 11:40 am 12:00 noon Number of Area
11:50 am 12:00 noon 12:20 pm Meals Served Requirements
12:10 pm 12:20 pm 12:40 pm 2
(ft. )
12:30 pm 12:40 pm 1:00 pm
100 – 200 500 – 1000
200 – 400 800 – 1600
Table 4. Space Requirements 400 – 800 1400 – 2800
for Cafeterias 800 – 1300 2400 – 3900
1300 – 2000 3250 – 5000
Classification Allowance per
2
2000 – 3000 4000 – 6000
Person (ft. ) 3000 - 5000 5500 – 9250
Commercial 16 – 18
Industrial 12 – 15
Banquet 10 – 11

33
Example 6
 Statement:
If a facility employs 600 people and they are to
eat in three equal 30 min. shifts, how much
space should be planned for the cafeteria with
vending machines, serving lines, or a full
kitchen?

34
Example 6 (cont’)
 Solution:
 If 36-in. square tables are to be utilized, Table 4 indicates 12
ft.2 are required for each of the 200 employees to eat per
shift. Therefore, a 2,400 ft.2 cafeteria should be planned. If a
vending area is to be used in conjunction with the cafeteria,
an area of 200 ft.2 should be allocated for vending machines.
Thus, a vending machine food service facility would require
2,600 ft.2
 A service line may serve 70 employees in the first third of the
meal shift. Therefore, three serving lines of 300 ft.2 each
should be planned. A total of 3,300 ft.2 would be required for
a food service facility using serving lines.
 A full kitchen will require 3,300 ft.2 for serving lines plus (from
Table 5) 2,100 ft.2 for the kitchen. Therefore, a total of 5,400
ft.2 would be required for a full kitchen food service facility.
35
 Restrooms
Table 7. Number of Sinks Needed for Type
Table 6. Number of Toilets Needed of Employment and Number of Employees
for Number of Employees
Type of Number of Minimum Number
Maximum Number of Minimum Number Employment Employees Of Sinks
Employees Present of Toilets Needed 1 – 15 1
at any One Time Non-industrial 16 – 35 2
(Office and 36 – 60 3
1 – 15 1
Public Facilities) 61 – 90 4
16 – 35 2 91 – 125 5
36 – 55 3 Over 125 1 sink for each
56 – 80 4 additional 45
81 – 110 5 employees
111 – 150 6 1 – 100 1 sink for each
Over 150 1 additional toilet Industrial 10 employees
for each additional (Manufacturing
40 employees and warehouse Over 100 1 sink for each
Facilities) additional 15
employees

36
Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

1. Production Center Method/ Kalkulasi

 Perhitungan kebutuhan ruang lebih akurat.
 Dimulai dgn membreak down aktivitas atau area,
kemudian menentukan jumlah area untuk setiap
luasan/space dan mengalikan dengan jumlah
element/mesin yg dibuat & menambahkan extra space.
 Production center terdiri dari suatu mesin tunggal
ditambah dgn associated equipment, &space required
untuk operasinya.
 Work space, additional maintenance space & storage
space juga ditambahkan kedalam kebutuhan ruang untuk
mesin. Metode ini biasanya digunakan untuk menghitung
manufacturing area.

37
Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

2. Converting Method
 The present space requirements are converted to those
required for the proposed layout. It is important to
establish valid assumptions, because the total space
required is not a linear function of the production
quantity.

 This method is used to determine space requirements for

supporting service, storage areas, etc.

38
Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

3. Space-Standards Method
 In certain cases industry standards can be
used to determine space requirements.

 Standards may be established based on past

successful applications.

4.Roughed-out Layout Method

 Templates or models are placed on the layout
to estimate the general configuration and
space requirements.

39
Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

5. Ratio Trend and Projection Method

One can establish a ratio of square feet to some other
factor that can be measured and predicted for the proposed
layout. For example,
square feet per machine
square feet per operator
square feet per unit produced
square feet per labor-hour

40
Other Room that Should be Included in Space
Determination
1. storage 10. Supervision
2. In-process inventory 11. QC dan inspection
storage
12. Health & Medical Facilities
3. Warehouse
13. Food Service
4. Aisle
14. Lavatories, wash rooms,
5. Receiving and Shipping etc
6. Material Handling 15. Offices
Equipment Storage
16. Employee & visitor parking
7. Toolrooms & Tool cribs
17. Receiving & shipping
8. Maintenance parking
9. Packaging 18. Other storage.

41
Parking Space

( angular  one-way )

( cross aisle ) ( cross aisle )

( 900  two-way )

42
43
 Parking Space (cont.)

Table 8. Parking Dimensions for a 7.5-ft. Compact Automobile Parking

Space Width and a 8.5-ft. Standard-Sized Automobile Parking Space
Width

Parking Parking Cross Cross Parking

Angle Auto- Space Width Space Depth Aisle Aisles Aisles Space +
(degrees) mobile Parallel to the Perpendicular Width (ft.) One-way Two-way ½ Aisle
2
Aisle (ft.) to the Aisle (ft.) (ft.) (ft.) Space (ft. )
45 Compact 10.5 17.0 11.0 12.0 22.0 236
45 Standard 12.0 17.5 13.0 14.0 24.0 288
60 Compact 8.7 17.7 14.0 12.0 22.0 215
60 Standard 9.8 19.0 18.0 14.0 24.0 274
75 Compact 7.8 17.3 17.4 12.0 22.0 203
75 Standard 8.8 19.5 25.0 14.0 24.0 282
90 Compact 7.5 16.0 20.0 12.0 22.0 195
90 Standard 8.5 18.5 28.0 14.0 24.0 276

44
 Table 4.5 Minimum dimensions for parking stalls

Parking Angle Aisle-width Aisle-width Stall width Stall length

(two-way) (one-way)
76-90o 25 feet 15 feet 9 feet 20 feet
30-75o 25 feet 12 feet 9 feet 22 feet
0-29o 18 feet 12 feet 9 feet 25 feet

45
Parking Space (cont.)

1/2 aisle space

allocated

Width parallel to
aisle (9.8 ft.)
Parking space Parking space

Depth perpendicular to aisle (19.0 ft.) Aisle width (18.0 ft.)

Parking space + 1/2 aisle space (for 600 standard)

= 19.0  9.8 + 18.0  9.8 / 2 = 186.2 + 88.2  274
ft.2

46
Example 7

Problem Statement:

A new facility is to have 200 employees. A

survey of similar facilities indicates that one
parking space must be provided for every two
employees and that 35% of all automobiles
driven to work are compact automobiles. The
available parking lot space is 180 ft. wide and
200 ft deep. What is the best parking layout?
47
Example 7
 Solution:
If the new facility were to have the same number of parking
spaces as similar facilities, 100 spaces would be required. Of
these 100 spaces, 35 could be for compact automobiles.
However, not all drivers of compact cars will park in a
compact space. Therefore, only 25 compact spaces will be
provided. A parking layout consisting of one-way traffic
between five rows of 900 standard-sized automobiles and one
row of 900 compact automobiles would require a parking lot
width of
5 (18.5) + 3 (28) + 1 (16) = 192.5 ft.
Similarly, four rows of 900 standard-sized automobiles, one
row of 750 standard-sized automobiles, and one row of 750
compact automobiles would require a parking lot width of
4 (18.5) + 2 (28) + 1 (19.5) + 1 (17.3) + 1 (25) =
191.8 ft.
which is too wide to be placed in a lot 180 ft. wide.
48
Example 7 (cont.)

Replacing the 750 aisle with a 600 aisle still requires 184.7 ft.
Four rows of 900 standard-sized automobiles, one row of 450
standard-sized automobiles, and one row of 450 compact
automobiles requires a parking lot width of
4 (18.5) + 2 (28.0) + 1 (17.5) + 1 (17.0) + 1
(13.0) = 177.5 ft.
This configuration will be utilized.
Leaving 24 ft. for two-way cross-aisle traffic at the front of
the lot and 14 ft. for one-way cross-aisle traffic at the rear of
the lot, the 900 standard-sized automobile rows can each
accommodate

49
Example 7 (cont.)

 200  (24  14) 

   19 automobiles
8.5 

The last 900 standard-sized row does not require the 14

ft. one-way cross-aisle. Therefore, it accommodates

 200  24 
 8.5   20 automobiles

The 450 standard-sized row can accommodate

 200  (24  14) 

   13 automobiles
12.0 
50
Example 7 (cont.)

The 450 compact automobile row is the first and

does not require the 14.0 ft. one-way cross-aisle. It
can accommodate

 200  24 
 10.5   16 automobiles

51
Example 7 (cont.)
Hence, a total of
3 (19) + 20 + 13 + 16 = 106 automobiles
can be accommodated, with 15% being allocated to
compact automobiles. The following Figure illustrates the
plan for the parking lot.

If the compact automobile row is replaced by standard-

sized automobiles, the lot still fits within the 180 ft.  200
ft. configuration and 104 cars may be accommodated.
Therefore, a decision must be made regarding the
advantages of providing compact automobile spaces versus
not segmenting the parking lot.
52
Parking Lot for Example

20 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

13 Standard-sized automobiles (450)

16 Compact automobiles (450)

53
OSHA, ADA and Local Codes

54
OSHA, ADA and Local Codes

55
OSHA
ADA
and
Local
Codes

56
57
58
59
 Table 4.3 Accessible spaces for persons with disability

Total spaces in 1-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 101- 151- 201- 301- 401- 501-
parking lot 150 200 300 400 500 1000

Minimum 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2%
Accessible
spaces

60
61
62
Aesthetics

63
Aesthetics

64
Aesthetics

65
Aesthetics

66
Aesthetics

67
Aesthetics

68
Aesthetics

69
Aesthetics

70
Aesthetics

71
Cubicles layout

72
Cubicles layout

73
Iowa State DOT layout

74