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a) Introduction
b) Types of Combustion
c) Combustion Stoichiometry
d) Three T’s of Combustion
e) Energy Efficiency Opportunities
f) The Chemistry of Coal Combustion
g) Coal Combustion Systems
QA 2
Introduction
Combustion is the sequence
of exothermic chemical
reactions between a fuel and
an oxidant accompanied by
the production of heat and
conversion of chemical
species.
QA 4
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
Oxygen Heat
FIRE
Fuel
QA 5
Phases of Combustion
Pre-ignition
Ignition
Combustion
Extinction
QA 6
What Factors can Increase Heat
Transfer?
Complete Combustion
QA 10
Incomplete Combustion
QA 11
Rapid combustion
QA 12
Spontaneous combustion
Ignition
QA 13
Combustion in Turbulent Environment
Combustion resulting in a turbulent flame is mostly
used for industrial application (e.g. gas turbines,
gasoline engines, etc.) because the turbulence helps
the mixing process between the fuel and oxidizer.
Micro-combustion
Combustion processes which happen in very small
volumes are considered micro-combustion.
QA 14
Combustion in Microgravity
Environment
Combustion processes behave differently in a
microgravity environment than in Earth-gravity
conditions due to the lack of buoyancy.
𝐶𝑛 𝐻𝑚 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Answer:
m m
Cn H m n O2 nCO2 H 2O
4 2
CH 4 2O2 CO2 2 H 2O
C6 H 6 7.5O2 6CO2 3H 2O
QA 17
Combustion in Air
𝐶𝑛 𝐻𝑚 + 𝑂2 + 3.78𝑁2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑁2
Answer:
m m m
Cn H m n (O2 3.78 N 2 ) nCO2 H 2O 3.78 n N 2
4 2 4
CH4 2(O2 3.78N 2 ) CO2 2H 2O 7.56N 2
C6 H 6 7.5(O2 3.78N 2 ) 6CO2 3H 2O 28.35N 2
QA 18
Combustion in Air (Cont.)
Nitrogen is considered to be a temperature reducing
diluter that must be present to obtain the oxygen
required for combustion.
Air-Fuel Ratio
𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝐴𝐹 = ൗ𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
Fuel-Air Ratio
𝑚𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
𝐹𝐴 = ൗ𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟
Rich Mixture
More fuel than necessary
(𝐴𝐹)𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 < (𝐴𝐹)𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ
Lean Mixture
More air than necessary
(𝐴𝐹)𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 > (𝐴𝐹)𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑖𝑐ℎ
Thermal NOx
Oxidation of atmospheric N2 at high temperatures
N 2 O2 2NO
NO 12 O2 NO2
Formation of thermal NOx is favorable at higher
temperature
Fuel NOx
Oxidation of nitrogen compounds contained in the
fuel
QA 22
Formation of CO in Combustion
Incomplete Combustion
Dissociation of CO2 at high temperature
CO2 CO 12 O2
QA 23
QA 24
The objective of good combustion is to release all
of the heat in the fuel. This is accomplished by
controlling the "three T's" of combustion which
are:
QA 25
(a) (b)
(c)
QA 26
QA 27
Pre-heating of the Combustion Oil
QA 28
Temperature control of Combustion
Oil
Thermostatic temperature control of the oil is
necessary to prevent overheating, especially
when oil flow is reduced or stopped.
The temperature at which oil can readily be pumped
depends on the grade of oil being handled.
QA 29
QA 30
Coal is burned in three ways:
1. As large pieces in a fixed bed or on a grate
2. As smaller or crushed pieces in a fluidized bed
3. As very fine particles in suspension
QA 31
Combustion Process
QA 32
CHAR COMBUSTION
QA 33
Char combustion is a slow process and therefore
determines the time for complete combustion in a
furnace
QA 34
The combustion of char involves at least four carbon–
oxygen reactions
QA 35
QA 36
The manner in which coal is burned and the
devices in which it is burned are primarily
determined by:
QA 37
Fixed-Bed Combustion
a) Overfeed
b) Underfeed
c) Crossfeed
QA 38
Fluidized Bed Combustion
QA 39
References:
QA 40