CT Scanner Machine

PREPARED BY
NAVEEN A and Group
V SEMESTER
 CT and MRI
 CT (Computed Tomography)
 Types of Medical Imaging System
 Introduction
 Story of CT
 1st sketch, Model of CT by Hounsfield
 Parts and Principle of CT
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Reference
 X-ray
 Digital Radiography
 CT (X-ray Computed Tomography)
 MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
 Nuclear Medical Imaging System
 Ultrasonic Imaging System
 Thermal Imaging System
 Medical Endoscopy
 2D imaging was used - X-rays
 There was super imposition of structures.
 Less clarity of images
 Computed : Use of Computer
 Tomography :
Greek word tomos means “slice”, graphy means
“write”.
 Computed Tomography is a process of
generating a two-dimensional image of a slice or
section through a 3-dimensional object (a
tomogram).
 Computed Tomography (or Computerized axial
tomography) is an examination that uses X-ray
and computer to obtain a cross-sectional image
of the human body
 The first commercially CT Scanner was
invented and developed by Sir Godfrey
Hounsfield in Hayes, United Kingdom, at the
EMI Central Research Laboratories using X-
rays.
 The first EMI-Scanner was installed in
Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon,
England.
 The first patient brain-scan was done on 1st
October 1971.
 EMI scanner is limited to scanning only brain.
 Hounsfield and Cormack got the 1979 Nobel
Prize for their contributions to CT.
 Allan McLeod Cormack’s theoritical
calculations on X-ray was used by Hounsfield.

 Father of CT is Sir Godfrey Hounsfield

 Gantry (scanner system)
 Patient table
 Computer (operation control)
 Scanner system:

 X-ray tube
 Detector system
 Collimators
 filters
 X-ray tube: Generates X-ray beams
 Detectors: Detects the X-rays passing
through the patient’s body.
 Collimator: Narrows the beams of X-rays
 Filters: These are used to filter some rays
from entering the patient’s body that may be
harmful.
 When X-rays pass thro’ the Human body,
some of the rays are absorbed and some pass
thro’ the body to produce an image.
 In plain X-ray imaging, the film directly
absorbs penetrated X-rays.
 In CAT scanning, an electronic device called a
“Detector array” absorbs the penetrated X-
rays, measures the X-ray amount, and
transmits the Data to a Computer system.
 A Sophisticated Computer system,in turn,
calculates and analyzes data from each
detector in each level, and finally reconstructs
multiple, 2D, cross-sectional images.
 Displayed on Screen
 Hounsfield scale (linear transformation
reference being distilled water).
 Range from +1000(bone) to -1000(air/gas).
 CT number or Hounsfield scale is a measure
of Radiodensity.
 CT number is measured in Hounsfield unit.
There are 2 types:

Conventional scan: Scan is taken slice by slice

and after slice, the scan stops.
Eg.. From top to abdomen till the pelvis. This
needs a patient to hold the breath.

Spiral scan: Continuous scan taken in spiral

fashion. It is quick.
 Quick and painless
 Costs less than MRI.
 Better availability compared to MRI
 Shows up acute bleed.
 Good visualization of bony structures and
calcified leisons.
 Can detect or exclude the presence of more
serious problems.
 Image accuracy and Interactive display modes
 Better images with good spatial resolution.
 Scatter
 Artifacts
 Scan volume insufficiency
 Poor Contrast resolution, thus soft tissue
cannot be viewed.
 Image noise is detrimental
 Motion artifacts due to increased scan time
 From Internet source : Google
 Link:
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/shreyacat
he/ct-scan-62017319
 Reference book:
 Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, by
R S Khandpur.