NURSING SCIENCE AND Ns. Suryanto, S.Kep, M.Nurs.

PROFESIONALISM PhD.
CONTENT
Nursing as an art, science, and profession
Nursing professionalism
NURSING AS AN ART, SCIENCE, AND Introduction
Nursing as an art

PROFESSION Nursing as a science

Nursing as a profession
INTRODUCTION (1)
Nursing is a dynamic profession built upon a foundation of art and science
Nursing most certainly is a noble profession, many public surveys demonstrate that
nurses are one of the most trustworthy professionals in society
In a hospital setting, almost all care to patients is given by the nurses
The various settings requiring licensed nurses can go well beyond the hospitals and
doctors’ offices, they range from home health care and military duty to prisons and
schools
INTRODUCTION (2)
They care not only for all the needs of the patient but also those of their family
members and will advocate, mediate and listen as appropriate
They are trained to listen to complaints that they can’t do two things at once or be in
two places at the same time and then immediately treat each patient and family
member with a smile and caring attitude
Nurses are required to have compassion, loyalty and strength (emotional, physical
and spiritual) while being both firm and tender at the same time
The way that nurses fulfill their duties is what will determine whether the act is an art
or a science or an equivalent application of both characteristics
NURSING AS AN ART (1)
Nurses care for the whole person – physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually.
While caring for an individual, the nurse also cares for the family
Nurses provide care with respect and dignity for patients and their families
Nursing requires creative approaches to providing care; not all patients have the
same needs
As an art, the nurses enhance the ability to feel, sense, know and perceive care
delivery in a manner that demonstrate their mastery of the field’s practices
When describing the art of nursing, “Like a work of art, each encounter with a
patient is unique.”
NURSING AS AN ART (2)
Hildegard Peplau, a great psychiatrist and nursing theorist, outlined the three
components of nursing as an art
They are medium, the process and the product:
 The medium is the art of bringing about change towards health through activating the
potential of clients.
 The process is the interaction that is initiated by the nurse and moves towards an end point,
which may include the application of technical skill.
 The product aspects of art are described as the improved functioning of the client that may
or may not include observable outcomes.
NURSING AS A SCIENCE (1)
The science of nursing is the application of theory to practice
Through science, nurses bring forward knowledge of anatomy & physiology, chemistry,
microbiology, psychology, and sociology
Nurses rely on knowledge from the biological, behavioral, physical, and social
sciences to make decisions.
Nursing knowledge is gained several ways including but not limited to formal
education, clinical practice, and research
NURSING AS A SCIENCE (2)
The nursing profession has developed numerous types of education programs in the
last decades, which resulted in a variety of nursing levels, like bachelor, master and
doctoral degrees (and nursing specialist programs in Indonesia)
Nurses are essential members of the healthcare team, collaborating with
professionals from a variety of disciplines to ensure the provision of quality
healthcare
Professional nursing requires innate qualities such as caring and compassion as well
as a broad educational foundation, thus the art and science of nursing
NURSING AS A SCIENCE (3)
The major focus of nursing has been placed on the reliable methodologies and
scientific development
As a science, the scientific progress in nursing provides a practical aid to the nurses
that help them enhance the relationship with and care for the people
Each nurse has their own style of executing the necessary daily assignments of their
profession. The way these actions are carried out make nursing an art, controlled by
a science, that may be individualized, unique, and customized to each nurse’s liking
Evidence-based nursing (evidence-based practice) is the key
NURSING AS A PROFESSION (1)
Professionals are defined in the context of a particular body of knowledge which is
obtained through:
 formal education
 expanded level of skills
 type of certification proving their entry into the profession
 a set of behavioral norms called professionalism and
 attitudes representing high levels of commitment to and identification with a specific profession

Professional behaviour, a reflection of professionalism can be classified into

professional behavior towards
 one-self
 towards clients
 towards other professionals/peers and
 towards public
NURSING AS A PROFESSION (2)
The profession of nursing consists of persons educated in the discipline according to
nationally regulated, defined, and monitored standards
The standards and regulations are to preserve healthcare safety for members of
society
Professionalism in nursing has focused on the role of the expansion of nursing in the
rapidly changing healthcare environment
However, social, cultural, scientific, and technological elements have shaped the
development of nursing as a profession
NURSING AS A PROFESSION (3)
 Introduction
Key attributes of professionalism

NURSING PROFESSIONALISM Professional behavior of nurses

Challenges
What people say of nurses?
Recommendations
INTRODUCTION (1)
Professionalism is characterized by the degree of dedication displayed by
individuals regarding the values and behavioral attributes of a specific career
identity
Professionalism indicates attitudes that represent high levels of identification with and
commitment to a specific profession.
It is a multidimensional construct which includes intrapersonal, interpersonal and public
components.
INTRODUCTION (2)
Professionalism in nursing is believed to occur largely, but not entirely, during the
period students are in basic nursing programs and continued after graduation when
they enter nursing practice
During the process of professionalization students learn what it means to be a nurse
and develop their own professional personae and personal interpretation of the
nursing code of ethics
Professional socialization occurs along a continuum of growth, through exposure to
clients, university educators, clinical educators, other professionals and fellow students
Nursing professionalism reflects the manner in which nurses view their work and is a
guide for the behaviors of nurses in practice to ensure patient safety and quality
care
KEY ATTRIBUTES OF PROFESSIONALISM (1)

(Braganca and Nirmala, 2017, Professionalism among Nurses: A concept analysis)

KEY ATTRIBUTES OF PROFESSIONALISM (2)

Mottian, 2014, Profesionalism in nursing: A concept analysis

COGNITIVE
ATTRIBUTES AS
ANTECEDENTS OF
PROFESSIONALISM

Mottian, 2014, Profesionalism in

nursing: A concept analysis
 AFFECTIVE
ATTRIBUTES AS
ANTECEDENTS OF
PROFESSIONALISM

Mottian, 2014, Profesionalism in

nursing: A concept analysis
BEHAVIOURAL
ATTRIBUTES AS
ANTECEDENTS OF
PROFESSIONALISM

Mottian, 2014, Profesionalism in

nursing: A concept analysis
PROFESSIONAL BEHAVIOR OF NURSES
Study in Turkey, 2016
Using Behavioral Inventory Form for Professionalism in Nursing (BIPN)
NURSING PROFESSIONALIZATION ELEMENTS
A study in Slovenia
Starc, et al, 2012, What makes nursing a profession: professionalization elements
CHALLENGES
Nursing professionalism faces a number of challenges such as:
 swift changes in nursing practice
 membership
 communication
 diversity in the population
 lack of leadership skills and autonomy
 health care risks
 long working hours
 emotional load
 lack of recognition by society
 shortage of nurses and limited professional opportunities
 educational preparation
 nature of the job
 societal norms and expectations
 changes in the health care system and organizational structures
WHAT PEOPLE SAY OF NURSES?
Worldwide, nurses have developed themselves into professionals with a great deal of
knowledge, as witnessed by the development of nursing protocols and guidelines.
Despite these developments towards professionalization, previous studies have shown
that nurses are not given due recognition for the skills they have by the majority of
the public.
The essence of nursing is not always clear and nurses still suffer from (gender)
stereotypes.
The media often depict nurses working at the patient’s bedside and performing
repetitive and routine tasks, mostly as the doctor’s handmaiden.
Nurses are not depicted as autonomous professionals and the public is not aware that
nowadays nursing is to a great extent a theory-based and scholarly profession
RECOMMENDATIONS
Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training
Nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved
educational system that promotes seamless academic progression
Nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health professionals, in
redesigning health care.
Effective workforce planning and policy making require better data collection and an
improved information infrastructures.
(Hickey and Starck, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, The Future
of Nursing: Implications for Professional Organizations and Certifiers)
SUMMARY
Nursing professionalism is determined by nurses’ personal factors
 Age, qualification, gender, experience, marital status, self image and position in the organization)

Physical as well as the social work-place environment can have a strong influence on
nursing professionalism
 excessive workloads, long working hours, inadequate resources, hierarchical structure of hospitals, focus
on nursing tasks, lack of personnel, low salaries, insufficient job security and weak organized labor,
communication challenges, organizational preconditions and support systems

Nurses’ personal and work-place environment can impact professional self efficacy
among nurses which might further influence their professionalism
 consumers', family and society/community views/perception of nursing profession and setting

Level of professionalism will vary across different cultures and settings

THANK YOU