STRESS

ENGR. RUDERICO M. ENDRIANO JR

FACULTY, ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
EVSU-OCC
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES;
STRESS
 The analysis of internal forces are considered in mechanics of
materials.
 The manner in which these internal forces are distributed within the
body will be investigated.
 Only after these computations have been made can the design
engineer select the proper dimensions for a member and select the
material from which the member should be fabricated.
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES;STRESS

Deformations produced by the components of internal

forces and couples
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL
FORCES;STRESS
 P: The component of the resultant force that is perpendicular to the
cross section, tending to elongate or shorten the bar, is called the
normal force.
 V: The component of the resultant force lying in the plane of the
cross section, tending to shear (slide) one segment of the bar
relative to the other segment, is called shear force.
 T: The component of the resultant couple that tends to twist (rotate)
the bar is called the twisting moment or torque.
 M: The component of the resultant couple that tends to bend the
bar is called bending moment.
STRESS

 In design, the manner in which the internal forces are distributed is

important.
 This leads to the development of the concept of stress.
 Stress is the force intensity at a point and plays a central role in the
design of load-bearing members.
 The dimension of stress is F/L2, that is force divided by area.
 In SI units, force is measured in newtons (N) and area in square
meters, from which the unit of stress is newtons per square meter
(N/m2), or equivalently, pascals (Pa).
 Because1 pascal is a very small quantity, in most engineering
applications, stress is usually expressed in MPa (1MPa = 1 x 106 Pa.)
STRESS

 In US Customary units, force is measured in pounds and area in

square inches, so that the unit of stress is pounds per square inch
(lb/in2), frequently abbreviated as psi.
 Another unit commonly used is kips per square inch (ksi) (1.0 ksi =
1000 psi), where kip is the abbreviation for kilopound.
 The commonly used sign convention for axial forces is to define
tensile forces as positive and compressive forces as negative.
 Tensile stresses are considered to be positive, compressive stresses
negative.
STRESS

 If the stress are uniformly distributed,

where A is the area of the cross section.

STRESS

 If the stress distribution is not uniform,

AXIALLY LOADED BARS

 For a bar of constant cross-

sectional area, the ends will carry
uniform distributed normal loads.
 When the loading is uniform, the
resultant passes through the
centroid of the loaded area.
 Therefore, the normal stress acting
at any point on a cross section is
STRESSES ON INCLINED PLANE
PROCEDURE FOR STRESS ANALYSIS

1. EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS
a. If necessary, find the external reactions using a free-body diagram
(FBD) of the entire structure.
b. Compute the axial force P in the member using the method of
sections. This method introduces an imaginary cutting plane that
isolates a segment of the structure. The cutting plane must include the
cross section of the member of interest. The axial force acting in the
member can then be found from the FBD of the isolated segment
because it now appears as an external force on the FBD,
2. COMPUTATION OF STRESS
After the axial force has been found by equilibrium analysis, the average
normal stress in the member can be obtained from
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 For purposes of design, the computed stress must be compared with

the allowable stress, also called the working stress (σw).
 To prevent failure of the member, the computed stress must be less
than the working stress.
ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES

The usual assumptions made in the analysis of trusses are:

1. Weights of the members are negligible compared to the applied
loads;
2. Joints behave as smooth pins;
3. All loads are applied at the joints
Under these assumptions, each member of the truss is an axially loaded
bar. The internal forces in the bars can be obtained by the method of
sections or the method of joints.
PROBLEM 1

Axial loads are applied to the compound rod that is composed of an

aluminum segment rigidly connected between steel and bronze
segments. What is the stress in each material given that P = 10 kN?
PROBLEM 2
The figure shows a two-member truss supporting a block of weight W.
The cross-sectional areas of the members are 800 mm2 for AB and 400
mm2 for AC. Determine the maximum safe value of W if the working
stresses are 110 MPa for AB and 120 MPa for AC.
PROBLEM 3

The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss is 1.8 in2.

Calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF. Indicate tension or
compression.
COMPUTER PROBLEM
The symmetric truss ABC of height h and span 2b
carries the upward vertical force P at its apex C. The
working stresses for members are σt in tension and σc in
compression. Given b, P, σt, σc, write an algorithm to
plot the required volume of material in the truss against
h from h = 0.5b to 4b. Also find the value of h that
results in the smallest volume of the material in the truss.
Assume that the truss is fully stressed (each member is
stressed to its working stress. Use the following data:
b = 6ft
P = 120 kips
σt = 18ksi
σc = 12 ksi