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Figure 12.3
Two parts
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues and organs
Lymphatic system functions
Transport fluids back to the blood
Play essential roles in body defense and
resistance to disease
Absorb digested fat at the intestinal villi Slide 12.1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Lymphatic Characteristics
Lymph – excess tissue fluid carried by
lymphatic vessels. (clear water)
Properties of lymphatic vessels
One way system toward the heart
No pump
Lymph moves toward the heart
Milking action of skeletal muscle
Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
in vessel walls
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.2
Lymphatic Vessels
Figure 12.1
Lymphatic
collecting vessels
Collects lymph
from lymph
capillaries
Carries lymph to
and away from
lymph nodes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2 Slide
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic
collecting vessels
(continued)
Returns fluid to
circulatory veins
near the heart
Right lymphatic
duct
Thoracic duct
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.2 Slide
Lymph
Figure 12.3
Figure 12.4
Several other
organs contribute
to lymphatic
function
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
Figure 12.5
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 12.9
The Spleen
The skin
Physical barrier to foreign materials
pH of the skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial
growth
Sebum is toxic to bacteria
Vaginal secretions are very acidic
• •Skin
Subepithelial areolar tissue
– toughness of keratin
– tissue gel: viscous barrier
– dry of
and nutrient-poor
hyaluronic acid
– defenses: peptides
neutrophils attack
– hyaluronidase: enzyme
microbes
used by pathogens (snake
bites and
– lactic acidbacterial toxins is
(acid mantle)
a component of
perspiration
Surface Membrane Barriers –
First Line of Defense
Stomach mucosa
Secretes hydrochloric acid
Has protein-digesting enzymes
Saliva and lacrimal fluid contain
lysozyme
Mucus traps microogranisms in
digestive and respiratory pathways
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
1) External Barriers
• Mucous membranes
– stickiness of mucus
– lysozyme: enzyme
destroys bacterial cell
walls
2) Non Specific Immunity -
Inflammation
• Defensive response to tissue
injury
• Inflammatory chemicals
Phagocytes
(neutrophils and
macrophages)
Engulfs foreign
material into a
vacuole
Enzymes from
lysosomes digest
the material
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.6b Slide
Macrophage attacking e-coli.
•
Defensive Cells
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 12.6b Slide
Functions of the Inflammatory
Response
• Cardinal signs
– redness (erythema) caused by
hyperemia ( blood flow)
– swelling (edema) caused by
capillary permeability and filtration
– heat caused by hyperemia
– pain caused by inflammatory
chemicals and pressure on nerves
Steps in the Inflammatory Response
Figure 12.7
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Antimicrobial Chemicals
Complement
A group of at
least 20
plasma
proteins
Activated when
they encounter
and attach to
cells
(complement
fixation) Figure 12.8
Figure 12.8
Interferon
Secreted proteins of virus-infected cells
Bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses
binding
Humoral immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity
Cells produce chemicals for defense
Cellular immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
Cells target virus infected cells
Figure 12.9
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated)
Immune Response
Figure 12.10
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Active Immunity
Your B cells
encounter
antigens and
produce
antibodies
Active immunity
can be naturally
or artificially
acquired
Figure 12.12
Figure 12.15
Cytotoxic T cells
Specialize in killing infected cells
Insert a toxic chemical (perforin)
Helper T cells
Recruit other cells to fight the invaders
Interact directly with B cells
Suppressor T cells
Release chemicals to suppress the activity
of T and B cells
Stop the immune response to prevent
uncontrolled activity
A few members of each clone are
memory cells
Figure 12.16
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Organ Transplants and Rejection
Major types of grafts
Autografts – tissue transplanted from one
site to another on the same person
Isografts – tissue grafts from an identical
person (identical twin)
Allografts – tissue taken from an unrelated
person
Xenografts – tissue taken from a different
animal species
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide
Organ Transplants and Rejection
Figure 9.19
Time Course of the Progression of
AIDS after HIV Infection
Figure 9.21
•AIDS progression:
–Phase I: few weeks to a few years; flu like symptoms, swollen
lymph nodes, chills, fever, fatigue, body aches. Virus is
multiplying, antibodies are made but ineffective for complete
virus removal
–Phase II: within six months to 10 years; opportunistic
infections present, Helper T cells affected, 5% may not
progress to next phase
–Phase III: Helper T cells fall below 200 per cubic millimeter
of blood AND the person has an opportunistic infection or type
of cancer. Person is now termed as having “AIDS” May
include pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, encephalitis,
Kaposi’s sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin’s lumphoma….
AIDS Pandemic