Ship Routing and Reporting

Road Map – Main Issues:

 Introductions – Historical background
 Definitions - Abbreviations
 VTS Types and Services
 Legal Issues; International Standards; Security
 ATC – VTS; World VTS Guide; VTS vs MRCC
 Ship Reporting; Surveillance; Identification
 New Technologies; Communications (SMCPs)
 Training Issues
 Risk Assessment; High Risk Vessels; PSSAs
 VTMIS; VTMIS Net;
 VTS Research; Sources of Information; Int Conferences
 Costs
 Human Factors and Fatigue
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Safety Management
 This (FSA) Involves:
 Hazard Identification
 Risk Assessment
 Risk Control and Mitigation options
(management)
 Cost benefit assessment of options
 Final Decision and selection of options
Hazard

A potential undesired outcome (such as

human injury, damage to property, or harm
to the environment), in the process of
meeting an objective
 Types of Hazard
 Physical hazards:  These include noise, radiation (ionising, electromagnetic
or non-ionising), heat, cold, vibration and pressure.
 Chemical hazards:  Through a variety of actions, chemicals can cause
damage to health and property.  Some of these actions are explosiveness,
flammability, corrosion, oxidation, poisoning, toxicity, carcinogenicity.
 Biological hazards:  Mainly from infection or allergic reaction.  Biological
hazards include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other organisms. 
 Ergonomic hazards:  These are hazards from poor work design, layout or
activity.  Examples of ergonomic problems include manual handling,
workplace layout and task design.
 Psychological hazards:  Stress, violence at work, long working hours, lack of
control in decision making about work can all contribute to poor work
performance.
 Hazard Identification

 Preliminary Hazard Analysis

 Brainstorming (Focus group)
 What if approach
 HAZOP (Hazard and Operability) study
 Check List (previous experience)
 Examples:
 Earthquakes, Flood
 Inflation, depression
 Equipment failure
 Human Factors; errors, and violations (including
management)
 Grounding, collision

 Outcome: (prioritized) List of hazard

 Risk
 (Relates to something which may happen in the
future)
 A measure of hazard’s significance involving
measurement of its consequence and probability
of occurrence

 Risk = Likelihood X Consequence

 Risk Assessment

 Probability assessment
 Consequence assessment
 Risk Assessment - Quantit

 FMEA – Failure Mode and Effect Analysis

 Fault Tree Analysis
 Event Tree Analysis
 Risk Matrix
Severe Accept – Un Un
Caution
Moderate Acceptable Accept – Un
Caution
Minor Acceptable Acceptable Accept –
Caution
Impact / Low Medium High
Likelihood
 Risk Reduction

 ALARP considerations
 Consider reducing P or C or both
 Management input – safety culture
 Engineering input – design issues
 Operational input – human issues
 Cost Benefit Analysis
 System Safety Analysis
 Risk Assessment
• What can go wrong,
• what is the likelihood,
• what are the consequences
 Risk Management
• Input from Risk Assessment,
• economical, legal, environmental considerations,
• Risk based decision analysis
 Risk Communications
Ship Routing & Reporting
 Ship Routing – SLOAS V
 Ships' routeing systems contribute to safety of life at sea,
safety and efficiency of navigation and/or protection of
the marine environment. Ships' routeing systems are
recommended for use by, and may be made mandatory
for, all ships, certain categories of ships or ships carrying
certain cargoes, when adopted and implemented in
accordance with the guidelines and criteria developed by
the Organization.

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 Ship Routing – SLOAS V
 The Organization is recognized as the only international body
for developing guidelines, criteria and regulations on an
international level for ships' routeing systems. Contracting
Governments shall refer proposals for the adoption of ships'
routeing systems to the Organization. The Organization will
collate and disseminate to Contracting Governments all
relevant information with regard to any adopted ships'
routeing systems.


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 Ship Routing – SLOAS V
 The initiation of action for establishing a ships' routeing
system is the responsibility of the Government or
Governments concerned. In developing such systems for
adoption by the Organization, the guidelines and criteria
developed by the Organization shall be taken into account.

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 Ship Routing – SLOAS V
 Ships' routeing systems should be submitted to the Organization
for adoption. However, a Government or Governments
implementing ships' routeing systems not intended to be
submitted to the Organization for adoption or which have not
been adopted by the Organization are encouraged to take into
account, wherever possible, the guidelines and criteria
developed by the Organization.

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 Ship Routing – SLOAS V
 Where two or more Governments have a common interest in a particular
area, they should formulate joint proposals for the delineation and use of
a routeing system therein on the basis of an agreement between them.
Upon receipt of such proposal and before proceeding with consideration
of it for adoption, the Organization shall ensure details of the proposal
are disseminated to the Governments which have a common interest in
the area, including countries in the vicinity of the proposed ships’
routeing system.

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 Ship Routing – SLOAS V
 Contracting Governments shall adhere to the measures adopted by the
Organization concerning ships' routeing. They shall promulgate all
information necessary for the safe and effective use of adopted ships'
routeing systems. A Government or Governments concerned may monitor
traffic in those systems. Contracting Governments shall do everything in
their power to secure the appropriate use of ships' routeing systems
adopted by the Organization.

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Ship Routing – SLOAS V
A ship shall use a mandatory ships' routeing system
adopted by the Organization as required for its category or
cargo carried and in accordance with the relevant
provisions in force unless there are compelling reasons not
to use a particular ships' routeing system. Any such reason
shall be recorded in the ships' log.

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 Ship Routing – SLOAS V
 Mandatory ships' routeing systems shall be reviewed by the Contracting Government or
Governments concerned in accordance with the guidelines and criteria developed by the
Organization.
 All adopted ships' routeing systems and actions taken to enforce compliance with those
systems shall be consistent with international law, including the relevant provisions of the
1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
 Nothing in this regulation nor its associated guidelines and criteria shall prejudice the rights
and duties of Governments under international law or the legal regimes of straits used for
international navigation and archipelagic sea lanes.

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 Ship Reporting
 Mandatory ship reporting system means a ship reporting system that
requires the participation of specified vessels or classes of vessels, and that
is established by a government or governments after adoption of a
proposed system by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) as
complying with all requirements of regulation V/8–1 of the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended (SOLAS), except
paragraph (e) thereof.

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 Ship Reporting
 Shore-based authority means the government appointed office or offices that
will receive the reports made by ships entering each of the mandatory ship
reporting systems. The office or offices will be responsible for the management
and coordination of the system, interaction with participating ships, and the
safe and effective operation of the system. Such an authority may or may not
be an authority in charge of a vessel traffic service.

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World VTS Guide