UEME 3213

HEAT AND MASS

TRANSFER

Lecturer: Ir Dr Bee Soo Tueen

 Course learning outcomes
 Determine the rates of heat conduction and
mass transfer by diffusion, convection and
radiation in simple geometries
 Calculate the heat and mass transfer
coefficients in flowing systems
 Analyze the performance of heat exchangers,
air-conditioning and other heat-transfer
equipment.
 Conduct experiment, analyze and interpret
data of fluid mechanics
Topics

 Topic 1: Heat transfer by conduction

 Topic 2: Heat transfer by convection
 Topic 3: Heat transfer by radiation
 Topic 4: Specific heat flow problems in
selected materials system
 Topic 5: Mass transfer
 Assessment Summary

 Assignment (10 %)
 Test (10 %)
 Lab practical (10 %)
 Final Examination (70 %)
Total assessment:
100%
 Important Dates and
Information
 Mid term test is scheduled on 9th
March 2020 (Monday)from 5.30pm to
7.00pm at KB 208. Scopes: Chapter 1,2
and 3.
 Assigment: The submission due date of
the assignment is 30th March 2020
(before 12pm)
 Evolution of Process
Engineering Disciplines Material process
engineering
Food process
Other engineering Material
science
disciplines?
Biochemical
engineering Food
science

Chemical
Biological
engineering
science
Chemical
kinetics
Fluid motion
Transfer processes Mechanical
Flow patterns
(Heat & Mass Transfer) engineering
Solid mechanics
 Conditional Pass
Engineering Programmes:
A compulsory pass in the final
examination(≥50%)
in order to pass a subjects
 Introduction
What is heat transfer?
Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature
difference.

• What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation, vibration
and electronic states of the atoms and molecules that comprise
matter. It represents the cumulative effect of microscopic activities
and is directly linked to the temperature of matter.
Modes of heat transfer
 Examples of Heat Transfer

 Thermal design problems

 Insulation of buildings in extreme climates

 Thermal shielding on the space shuttle

 Examples of Heat Transfer
 Thermal control
 Maintaining the optimum temperature in

processes
 Development of faster computer processors

limited by the inability to dissipate heat

 Examples of Heat Transfer
 Design of heat exchangers
 Automobile radiator

 Boilers and condensers in chemical

plants
Application of Heat and Mass
Transfer in Food Engineering

 Design of heat exchanger

 Boilers and condensers in

food processing plants

Application of Heat and Mass Transfer
in Environmental Engineering
 Design of fermenter
 Biomass power plant
Application of Heat and Mass
Transfer in Biochemical Engineering
 Thermal design problems
 Thermal and mass

circulation in
bioreactor for large
scale monoclonal
antibodies production
Why is heat and mass transfer important?

Almost all the industries involve heat and mass

transfer operations.

Heat (and mass) transfer can sometimes be

coupled within one unit operation.

Understanding these processes can save energy,

resources and $$$.
 DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal
Energy, Temperature and Heat Transfer

Quantity Meaning Symbol Units

Thermal Energy associated with

Energy+ microscopic behavior of matter U or u J or J/kg

Temperature A means of indirectly assessing the

amount of thermal energy stored in K
matter T
Heat Thermal energy transport due to
Transfer temperature gradients
Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred
Q J
over a time interval  t  0
Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q
W
Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time q�
� W/m 2
+ and surface area
U � Thermal energy of system
u � Thermal energy per unit mass of system

• Temp. gradient exists in a
stationary medium (may be solid
or fluid).
• Heat transfer occur across the
medium
• Driven by temperature difference
Modes of Heat Transfer
• All surfaces of finite temp. emit
• Heat transfer will occur between
energy in the form of
a surface and a moving fluid
electromagnetic waves.
when they are at different
Transport does not require
temperatures. •
material medium
• Require material medium
 Modes of Heat Transfer (con’t)
Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or
liquid) due to the random motion of its constituent atoms,
molecules and /or electrons.

Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk

and random motion for fluid flow over a surface.
Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the
electron configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).
• Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material medium.
 Conduction:
 Transfer of energy from molecule to molecule due to
vibration of molecules (atomic & molecular activity).
 Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact of
particles of matter.
 Higher temperature associated with higher molecular
energies.
 Conduction is particularly important with metals.
 Convection:
• Comprised of 2 mechanisms: 1. energy transferred due to random
molecular motion (diffusion) and 2. energy tranferred due to bulk
movement of fluid.
• Convection is the transfer of heat by movement of the heated fluid.
• The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat transfer.
• Convection does not occur in solid because: molecules keep their relative
position to such an extent that bulk movement or flow is prohibited.
• Convection heat transfer which occurs between a fluid in motion (moving
fluid) and a boundary surface at two different temperatures.
 2 types of Convection:

 Natural (free) convection: due to bulk

motion of fluid from high to lower
temperature region. Induced by buoyancy
forces (due to density difference caused
by temperature variation)
 Forced convection: fluid bulk motion
due to mechanical means such as a fan,
pump and suction device, etc. The flow is
caused by external source (a fan, pump or
atmospheric winds)
 Radiation:
Energy emitted by matter that is at a non-zero
temperature.
The energy of radiation field is transported by
electromagnetic waves.
Radiation does not require the presence of a material
medium.
In fact, radiation transfer occurs most efficiently in a
vacuum.
 Conduction
1D heat transfer across planar slab
Fourier’s Law
qx T
A 
A x
q|x q|x+Δx
lim Δx → 0 Negative as T
1 2
Δ qx dT decrease with
qx "   k
T x A dx increase of x
T1 Implies directional
Δ
T2 T
Heat flux (W/m2) quantity: heat flux
normal to plane of
Δ Thermal conductivity constant
x1 x x2 x (W/mK) temperature
 qx dT
qx "   k
A dx

If the temperature distribution is linear,

qx T2  T1
qx "   k
A L

T1  T2
qx "  k
L
T
qx "  k
L
Conduction
Although k is a
function of
temperature, it is
normally assumed to
be constant in
narrow temperature
range.
Property Tables (Incropera &
DeWitt):
Solids: Tables A.1 – A.3
Gases: Table A.4
Liquids: Tables A.5 – A.7
 Convection
Develop when there is fluid flow over a surface
T∞=temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface
Hydrodynamic boundary layer
U Thermal boundary layer
Develop if the T
fluid free ∞

stream and y q∞ Ts
surface x
temperatures
differ Newton’s Law of Cooling
q"  h Ts  T  q"  h T  Ts 
if TS > T∞
or
if TS < T∞
Convection heat transfer Dependent on boundary layer
coefficient (W/m2K) properties
Ts > T∞: Heat transfer from surface to bulk
T∞ > Ts: Heat transfer from bulk to surface
Convection
Typical values of
convection heat transfer coefficient

Free convection (air) 5 – 60 W/m2K

Forced convection (air) 25 – 300 W/m2K

Forced convection (water) 200 – 10,000 W/m2K

Boiling water 2,000 – 25,000 W/m2K

Condensing steam 4,000 – 110,000 W/m2K

 Convection (con’t)
1. Convection involves the combined effects of conduction and bulk fluid
motion.

2. Thus, in the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer between a
solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure conduction.

3. Consider the cooling of a hot block by blowing cool air over its top
surface. Energy is transferred to the air layer adjacent to the block by
conduction.

4. This energy is then carried away from the surface by convection, either by
forced convection or natural convection.
 Convection (con’t)
5. Fluid is forced to flow over the surface  forced convection
Fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces  natural convection

6. However, if NO external means (to force the flow)

AND

the temperature difference between the 2 bodies is not large enough

to overcome the resistance of air to movement

heat transfer between the bodies will be carried out by conduction.

 Radiation
Net exchange between
Tsur blackbody and its
q
Ts A surroundings (infinite
enclosure)

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

q  A T  T s
4 4
sur 
Assumes all radiation leaving
q  AT s
4
one surface will reach the other
surface

For a blackbody,  = 1 :
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4)
qemit "  Ts
4

Assumes body absorbs all For a gray surface:

radiation and reflects none i.e.
qemit "  Ts
a blackbody 4
 = emissivity
Special case of surface exposed to large
surroundings of uniform temperature, Tsur

If a   , the net radiation heat flux from the

surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
��   Eb  Ts   a G    Ts4  Tsur  qrad "   (Ts  Tsurr )
qrad 4 4 4

qemit, s ” qabsorb ” = qemit, sur

For combined convection and radiation,
qtotal"  qconv " qrad "
qtotal"  h(Ts  T )   (Ts  Tsurr )
4 4
Conservation of
Energy
The principal of conservation of energy states
that:
Although energy assumes many forms, the
total quantity of energy is constant, and when
energy disappears in one form, it appears
simultaneously in other forms.
(The First Law of Thermodynamics)
 Conservation of Energy for a Control
Volume
At an instant (t), the rate of increase of
energy stored in the control volume
must equal the rate at which energy
enter the control volume, minus the rate
at which energy leave the control Ein  Eout  E g  Est
volume, plus the rate at which energy is
generated within the control volume.
. . . dEst .
E in  E out  E g   E st
dt

Each term has units of J/s or W.

The Surface Energy Balance
. . . dEst .
E in  E out  E g   E st
dt

reduced to
. .
E in  E out  0
��  qconv
qcond ��  qrad
�� 0

k
T1  T2
L
 
 h  T2  T�   2 T24  Tsur
4
0
 Method for Solving Heat
Transfer Problems
• State concisely what is known
• State what is to be solved
• Draw a schematic:
– Identify control surface/volume

– Identify relevant heat transfer processes

• List appropriate assumptions

 Method for Solving Heat
Transfer Problems
• Analysis:
– Apply relevant conservation laws

– Write down rate equations

– Develop analysis and solution technique

– Substitute numerical values

• Discussion of results:
– Summarise key conclusions

– Critique original assumptions

– Infer trends by carrying out a sensitivity analysis on the

parameters
 Summary
Conduction  Due to random motion of Fourier’s Law
constituent T
 T as driving force qx "  k
L
Convection  Associated with bulk motion, Newton’s Law
forced / free
 T as driving force
q"  h Ts  T 
Radiation  Emitted due to shift of electronic For gray surface
state of constituents
qemit "  Ts
 transmitted by electromagnetic 4
wave / photon propagation (no
medium)

qrad "   (Ts  Tsurr40)

4 4