ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY

CHARLES Z. ARIOLA JR, MSN, LPT, RN.

Subject Professor
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. Name the four major tissue types and

their chief subcategories. Explain how
the four major tissue types differ
structurally and functionally
2. Give the chief locations of the various
tissue types in the body
3. Describe the process of tissue repair
(wound healing)
TISSUES
- Group of cells that are similar in
structure and function

PRIMARY FOUR TYPES:

1. Epithelium Covering
2. Connective Support
3. Muscle Movement
4. Nervous Control

Remember: ECoMuNe = Epethelium,

Connective, Muscle, Nervous
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- the lining, covering and glandular
tissue of the body.
- covering and lining epithelium
covers all free body surfaces , both
inside and out and contains versatile
cells.
FUNCTIONS:
- Protection
- Absorption
- Filtration
- Secretion
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA

1. Based on number of cell layers

a. Simple Epithelium – one layer cells

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA

1. Based on number of cell layers

b. Stratified Epithelium – more than one
layer cells
CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA

2. Based on cell shape

a. Squamous – flattened like fish scales

b. Cuboidal – cube-shaped like dice
c. Columnar – shaped like columns
SQUAMOUS
CUBOIDAL

COLUMNAR
SIMPLE EPITHELIA
- Are most concerned with
absorption, secretion and filtration.

a. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

- single layer of thin squamous cells
resting on a basement membrane
- it usually forms membranes where
filtration or exchanges of substances by
rapid diffusion occurs.
- simple squamous epithelium is in
the air sacs of the lungs
a. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
b. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
- one layer of cuboidal cells
resting on a basement membrane
- common in glands and their
associated small tubes called ducts
- forms salivary glands,
pancreas and also the walls of the
kidney tubules
- also covers the surface of the
ovary
b. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
c. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITTHELIUM

- made up of a single layer of tall

cells that fit closely together
- seen in the Goblet Cells which
normally produce lubricating mucus
- simple columnar epithelium lines
the entire length of the digestive tract
c. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
STRATIFIED EPITHELIA
- consists of two or more cell layers
- functions primarily in protection
- Classified as:

1. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

2. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
3. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
4. Transitional Epithelium
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPIITHELIUM
- most common stratified epithelium in
the body
- found in sites that receive good deal of
abuse or friction such as surface of the skin,
mouth and the esophagus

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

- typically has just two cell layers with at
least surface cells being cuboidal in shape.
STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
- columnar cells
- its basal cells vary in size and
shape
- found mainly on ducts or large
glands
TRANSITIONAL EPIITHELIUM
- forms the lining of few organs such
as urinary bladder, ureters and part of
the urethra
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
- a gland consists of one or more
cells that make and secrete a particular
product

TWO MAJOR TYPES:

1. Endocrine- called ductless glands
- secretes hormones and
diffuse directly to blood vessels
- examples are thyroid,
pancreas and pituitary
2. EXOCRINE
- retains their ducts and their
secretions exit through the ducts to the
epithelial surface
- it includes the sweat and oil
glands, liver and pancreas
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
- connects body parts
- it is found everywhere in the body.
- most abundant and widely
distributed of the tissue types

FUNCTIONS:
- protection
- support
- binding together other body
tissues
MAJOR CONNECTIVE TISSUES

1. Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Dense Connective Tissue
4. Loose Connective Tissue
5. Blood
1. BONE
- sometimes called osseous tissue
- composed of osteocytes sitting in
cavities called “Lacunae” or “Pits”
- the pits are surrounded by layers
of very hard matrix that contains
calcium salts in addition to large
number of collagen fibers
2. CARTILAGE
- less hard and more flexible than
bone
- major cell type is Chandrocytes
(cartilage cells) -
- found only in few places of the
body
- most widespread is Hyalin
Cartilage which has abundant collagen
fibers
- it forms the trachea, attaches the
ribs to the breast bones and covers bone
ends at joints
Fibrocartilage
- forms the cushionlike disks betweeb
the vertebrae of the spinal column

Elastic Cartilage
- found in structures with elasticity
such as external ear
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- also called Dense Fibrous Tissue
- forms strong ropelike structures
such as tendons and ligaments
- also makes up woer layer of skin
(Dermis)

Tendons- attach skeletal muscles to

bones
Ligaments – connect bones to joints
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- softer and have more cells and
fewer fibers than any other connective
tissue tyoe except blood.

THREE TYPES

1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
1. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- The most widely distributed connective
tissue variety in the body
- Soft, pliable and cushions and protects
the body organs it wraps
- It functions as universal packing tissue
and connective tissue glue because it
helps to hold the internal oorgans
together and in their proper position
Lamina Propria – soft layer of areolar
connective tiissue that underlies all
mucous membranes
2. ADDIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- commonly called “fat”
- forms the subcutaneous tissue
beneath the skin where it insulates the
body and protects it from bumps and
extremes of both heat and cold.
- protects organs such as kidneys,
hips, breats, belly where fat is stored
3. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- delicate network of intervowen
reticular fibers associated with reticular
cells.
- it forms stroma or internal
framework of organs.
- the stroma supports many free
blood cells such as white blood cells in
lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes,
spleen and bone marrow
BLOOD
- or so called vascular tissue
- considered connective tissue
because it consists of blood cells
surrounded by nonliving fluid matrix
called blood plasma.

- transport vehicle for

cardiovascular system, carrying
nutrients, respiratory gases, white blood
cells and many other substances
throughout the body
MUSCLE TISSUE
- highly specialized to contract or
shorten which generates the force
required to produce movement.

TYPES:
1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Cardiac Muscle
3. Smooth Muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLE
- packaged by connective tissue
sheets into organs and attached to the
skeleton
- it can be controlled voluntarily
- it forms the flesh of the body
called the muscular system
- the cells are long, cylindrical and
multinucleate and they have obvious
striations (stripes)
CARDIAC MUSCLE
- is found only in the heart wall
- it acts as a pump to propel blood
through the blood vessel
- it has striation like skeletal muscle
but cardiac cells have only single
nucleus and are relatively short
branching cells that fit tightly together
at junctions called Intercalated Discs
- these Intercalated Discs contain
gap junctions that allow ions to pass
freely from cell to cell.
 - this ties the cardiac cells into
junction resulting in rapid conduction of
the electrical signal to contract across
the heart.
- cardiac muscle is under
Involuntary Control which means
activities of the heart cannot be
consciously controlled
SMOOTH MUSCLE
- or so called Visceral Muscle
- no striations are visible
- found in the walls of hollow organs
such as the stomach , uterus, and blood
vessels.
- as smooth muscle contracts, the
cavity of an organ becomes smaller or
constricts and becomes larger or dilates
when relaxes.
- smooth muscle contracts much
more slowly than cardiac and skeletal
muscles
NERVOUS TISSUE
- consists of the function unit call
Neurons which receive and conduct
electrochemical impulses from one part
of the body to another
TISSUE REPAIR (Wound Healing)
- body’s techniques for protecting
itself from injury
Examples:
- Intact physical barriers such as
skin and mucous membrane and cilia
- acid production by the stomach
glands
- stimulation of inflammatory and
immune response
TWO MAJOR WAYS TISSUE REPAIR

1. Regeneration – replacement of
destroyed tissue by the same kind of
cells

2. Fibrosis – involves repair by dense

(fibrous) connective tissue by
formation of scar tissue which occur
depends on:
a. type of tissue damaged
b. severity of the injury
SERIES OF EVENTS IN WOUND
HEALING
1. Inflammation Stage
Injured tissue releases chemicals that make capillaries more
permeable

Clotting proteins seep in the injured area which plugs the hole
to stop bleeding

Injured area becomes walled off preventing bacteria from

spreading to tissues
2. Granulation Tissue Formation
- delicate pink tissue composed
largely of new capillaries that grow in
the damaged area
- these capillaries are fragile and
bleed freely as when a scab is picked
away from a skin wound
- contains phagocytes, connective
tissue cells (fibroblasts) which produce
building block of collagen fibers
Granulation Tissue
3. Regeneration and Fibrosis
- scab detaches and finals result is
fully regenerated surface epithelium
that covers underlying are called the
“scar”