Word

Formations
By Miss Venus Ruedas Mercado
 Word
Formations
making of new words
Derivation
Derivation

 The creation of a new word based on an

existing word.
 Using of affixes (Suffix and Prefix)
 Suffix (able, ible, less, ness, ly …..)
 Prefix (Un, in, de, re, mis, dis, ….)

 lonely to loneliness
 Dance to dancer
 Hunt to hunter
Conversion

A type of derivation that forms a new word from an

existing identical one; this means nothing is
changed.
 Clean:
I like your clean room. (In this sentence the word clean
functions as an adjective)
 Clean your room (In this sentence the word clean functions
as a verb)
Answers to Derivation

 Happiness depends on the person’s outlook in

life
 Straight roads do not make driver/s good at it.
 Mr. Carpio is unavailable right now.
 It’s been two decades since that volcano is
inactive.
 We have to strategize to boost our sales
Answers to activity:
Conversion
 Do it, Vincent, telephone the man.
 Those people back at the store were eyeing your new
bag.
 Sometimes, you have got to face your problems
 That book was a good read.
 Please, water my plants before you leave this
afternoon.
Compounding
Compounding
 Is the formation of  Examples:
a word out of two  Mail carrier
or more root words.  Dog house
The words are
 Fireplace
called compounds
or compound words  Fire hydrant

which can be either  Dry run

native or borrowed.  Pick-up truck

 Mailman
(composed of free
root mail and free
root man .
Endocentric Compounds

 Compounds were the first word modifies the second

one or the head. The head is the basic meaning of the
whole compound,
 Examples
 Bedtime- the time for sleeping
 Shotgun- a gun that uses shots for ammunition
 Toothbrush- a brush used for cleaning teeth
Exocentric Compounds

 Denotes an unexpressed semantic head. This

means that the meaning of the compound is
not about the words combined.
 Examples
 Skinhead- someone with a shaved head
 Turn-off-loss of eager interest
 Pickpocket- a thief
Copulative Compounds

 Are compounds with two semantic heads; this

means both meanings of the two words that
are both part of the resulting meaning of the
compound.
 Examples:
 Sleepwalk- the act of walking while sleeping, due to
illness
 Bittersweet- having the taste of both bitter and
sweet.
Appositional Compounds

 Have two contrary attributes

 Examples:
 Writer-director means the subject is both
writer and director.
Borrowed compound

 Thereare compounds formed in English

which are fro borrowed Latin and Greek
word:
 Examples:
 Photograph, iatrogenic
Coinage

 Is
the invention of new terms. New words
are formed (coined) from trade names or
product brands that have (been) become
generally acceptable terms from the
products they represent.
 Eponyms
Words which become useful for describing generic objects or
concepts or qualities.
Product Eponyms

 Aspirin,Kleenex, Xerox, escalator,

heroin, zipper

 Hoover is eponymous term for vacuum

cleaner
Historical and Geographical
Eponyms
 These involve crediting a person with their discovery,
 Historical eponyms
 The eponyms boycott, chauvinist and sandwich all derive from personal names but
these words are lowercased
 Draconian, epicurean, pyrrhic.
 Political movement or philosophers and historical eras attached to
personalities are uppercased.
 Reagonomics
 Victorian
 Famous people associated with components of clothing (lowercased)
 Bloomer
 Cardigan
 ragian
Literary Eponyms

 Fictional characters evoke strong qualities that we assign names to

those qualities
 Faustian ( from Faust)
 Quixotic ( from Quixote)
 Casanova, a Romeo, Svengali
 Storytellers with unique quality:
 Dickensian (suggesting melodramatic poverty)
 Homeric (Epic)
 Proustian ( evoking personal memories)
Mythological Eponyms
 Mythological Lowercased
characters also mythological
inspire eponyms eponyms
and generally retain  chimera
initial capital  Gorgon
letters:
 Atlas
 Midas touch
 Erotic
 Hercules
 odyssey
 Venus
 Achilles’ heel
Scientific Eponyms

 Scientists and inventors are honored for their work as

their names are assigned to refer to units of scientific
measurement:
 Examples:
 Rudolf Diesel
 Alessandro Volta
 James Watt
 Avogadro’s Number
 Alzheimer’s disease.
Borrowing
 Is the taking or adopting of words from other languages
 Examples:
 Piano (Italian-pianofort)
 Athlete (Greek)
 Tycoon (Japanese-Taikun)
 Paper (Egyptian-papyrus)
 Algebra (Arabic)
 Haiku ( Japanese)
 Pizza (Italian)
 Yoyo (Tagalog)
Blending

 Is the fusion of parts of two separate words to

form new words.
 Examples:
 Smoke + fog = Smog
 Motor + hotel = Motel
 Television + broadcast = telecast
 Breakfast + Lunch = Brunch
Blended
 hangry (noun)
hungry/anger
 mansplaining (noun)
man/explaining
 masstige (noun)
mass/prestige
 emoticon (noun)
emote/icon
 glamping (noun)
glamorous/camping
 spork (noun) spoon/fork
 brunch (noun)
breakfast/lunch
 chillax (verb) chill/relax
 motel (noun) motor/hotel
 globish global/English
 bionic biology/electronic
 Nollywood
Nigeria/Hollywood
 Bollywood
Bombay/Hollywood
Clipping
 Reduction of words to their shorter term
 Examples:
 advertisement – Ad
 Doctor – Doc
 Examination – Exam
 Mathematics – math
 Photographs – photo
 Influenza- Flu
 Gasoline – gas
 gymnasium