IoT Access

Technologies-
IEEE 802.15.4
• I N T R O D U C T I O N TO I E E E 8 0 2 . 1 5 . 4
• ZIGBEE
• Z I G B E E P R OTO CO L S TA C K
- P H Y S I C A L L AY E R
- M A C L AY E R
IEEE 802.15.4
•IEEE 802.15.4 is a wireless access standardization of technology for low-cost and low-data-rate
devices that are powered or run on batteries.
•This access technical standard enables easy installation using protocol stack while remaining
both simple and flexible.
• IEEE 802.15.4 also known as IEEE 802.15 task group 4,defines low-data-rate physical and
MAC(Media Access Control) layer specifications for wireless personal area networks(WPAN).
•This standard has solution for low complexity wireless devices with low data rates that need
many months or even years of battery life.
•The IEE 802.15.4, defined in 2003, was mainly to provide a standard for low-rate wireless
personal area networks(LR-WPAN) .
Iterations of IEEE 802.15.4 published
by IEEE
•Since the inception of IEEE 802.15.4 in 2003 , the IEEE has published several iterations of IEEE
802.15.4 specification, each labeled with the publication year.
•IEEE 802.15.4-2003 :- the initial version ,where Europe had 868Mhz channel and America had
902-928MHz channel .
•IEEE 802.15.4-2006 :- iteration released in 2006, where the 868 MHz channels were improved to
support data rate 100 and 250 Kbits/sec.
•IEEE 802.15.4-2011 :- iteration released in 2011, where it was made to support 950-956 MHz
band in japan.
•IEEE 802.15.4-2015 :- iteration released in 2015, where sixteen 2400-2483 MHZ worldwide
usable channels were brought into use.
ZigBee- What is ZigBee
•Just like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, ZigBee is a standardized wireless data transfer option that is used
in IoT predominantly because of its less expensive and low-power consumption nature of it.
•ZigBee is a low-power, low data-rate and close proximity(personal area) wireless network.
•The idea of ZigBee was conceived back in 1998, but was standardized in 2003.
•The technology defined by ZigBee is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other
wireless networks like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
•Similar to the W-Fi Alliance which brought forth the Wi-Fi , the ZigBee was specified by the
ZigBee Alliance, which is a group of companies that came together to adopt ZigBee and make it
standardized network to be used.
•The industry support has grown to more than 400 companies that are members of the ZigBee
Alliance.
ZigBee
Module
Example of
an
application
of IoT using
ZigBee
ZigBee in Network
•ZigBee utilizes the IEEE 802.15.4 standard at the lower Physical and MAC layers.
•ZigBee specifies the network and security layer and application support layers that sit on top of
the lower layers.
•The ZigBee network and security layer provides mechanisms for network startup, configuration,
routing and securing communications.
•This includes calculating routing paths in what is often a changing topology, discovering
neighbors and managing the routing tables as devices join for the first time.
•ZigBee utilizes the Advances Encryption Standard(AES) by using a symmetric encryption with key
of size 128-bit.
ZigBee
Protocol
Stack
 IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer Frame
Format
6 Bytes 0-127 Bytes

Start Of Frame
Preamble Frame Length Physical Layer Service Data Unit
Delimiter

PHY
Synchronization Header
Header

5 Bytes 1 Byte
IEEE 802.15.4 Physical Layer
•The ‘synchronization header’ for this frame is composed of the Preamble and the Start of Frame
Delimiter fields.
•The ‘preamble’ field is 4 byte pattern that identifies the start of the frame and is used to
synchronize the data transmission.
•The ‘start of frame’ delimiter informs the receiver that frame contents start immediately after
this byte.
•The PSDU(Physical layer Service Data Unit) is the frame received from the MAC layer containing
the payload.
 MAC Layer Frame Format
Frame Sequence Frame Check
Addressing Field Frame Payload
Control Number Sequence
-4-20 bytes -variable number of bytes
-28 bytes -18 bytes -28 bytes

MAC Header MAC Payload MAC Footer

Start Of Frame
Preamble Frame Length Physical Layer Service Data Unit
Delimiter
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer
•The data or the frame is received from the network layer.
•A header and footer is added this frame making an MAC frame.
•MAC frame consists of a header, payload and a footer.
•The header is the collection of three fields namely, frame control, sequence number and address
field.
•The payload is the frame that is received from the Network layer.
•The footer is a field called frame check sequence , it is a CRC sequence that is used to check the
integrity of the data.
THANK YOU
-PRAJWAL GOWDA R