CONCRETE

Concrete is either Plain or Reinforced. Plain concrete is

an artificial as a result of mixing cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates and water. The
conglomeration of these materials producing a solid
mass is called plain concrete. Reinforced concrete on
the other hand, is a concrete with reinforcement
embedded in such a manner that the two materials act
together in resisting forces.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CEMENT USED
IN THE CONSTRUCTION ARE:
1. The Ordinary Portland Cement
Portland cement is the principal cement used in most masonry
mortars and renders. The most commonly used type of Portland
cement is Ordinary Portland Cement, but there are other varieties
available, such as white Portland cement.
2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement
Rapid Hardening Portland Cement (RHPC) is a special purpose
cement used in concrete to achieve a higher rate of early strength
development, compared to using Normal Cement. The improved early
performance of RHPC is achieved principally through increased product
fineness.
3. Blast Furnace or Sulphate Cement

a type of cement made from a blend of ordinary Portland cement

and crushed slag from a blast furnace. It has lower setting properties
than ordinary Portland cement.
4. Low Heat Portland Cement
Low Heat Portland Cement (LHPC) is Portland cement with lower
content of rapidly hydrating compounds,  Tri-Calcium Aluminate (C3A).
The process of hydration is slow and the consequent rate of heat
generation is also low.
5. The Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
This cement has high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete
compared with ordinary portland cement and thus it is widely used. It
is used in marine structures, sewage works, and for laying concrete
under water such as bridges, piers, dams and mass concrete works etc.
6. The High Alumina Cement
This type of cement has a very high rate of strength development as
compared with the ordinary Portland cement. Aside from its rapid
hardening properties, it can resist chemical attack by sulphate and
weak acids including sea water.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
• WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT
-Same materials as normal Portland except in color. The
manufacturing process is controlled to produce a pure white, non-
staining cement. It is used primarily for architectural purposes such as
curtain wall and facing panels, decorative concrete stucco and tile
grout, or whatever white or colored concrete or mortar is specified.
• MASONRY CEMENT
-Has been specially designed to produce better mortar than that
made with normal portland cement or with a lime-cement
combination. The mortar made with this cement has particularly
good plasticity and workability, good adhesion and bond
• AIR ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENT
TYPES OF AGGREGATES
1. Fine Aggregate- smaller than ¼ diameter stones
2. Course Aggregate- Bigger than ¼ diameter stones.
SIZE OF AGGREGATES
• For coarse aggregate, the maximum nominal size are usually 40 mm,
20 mm, 14 mm or 10 mm diameter.
• The choice from the above sizes depends upon the dimensions of the
concrete member more particularly the spacing of steel bar
reinforcements.
• Good practice demands that the maximum size should not exceed
25% of the minimum thickness of the member nor exceed the clear
distance between the reinforcing bars and the form.
THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE
MIXING
The purpose in concrete mixing is to select an optimum proportion of
cement, water and aggregates to produce a concrete that will meet the
specification requirements such as:
• Workability
• Strength
• Durability
• Economy
ACI REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE
1. Fresh concrete shall be workable
2. The hardened concrete shall be strong enough to carry the design
load
3. The hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which it is
expected to perform
4. The concrete should be economically produced
THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE
MIXING
• The proportions which will be finally adopted in concrete mixing has
to be established by actual trial and adjustments in order to attain the
desired strength of concrete required.

1. Water Cement Ratio is first determined to meet the requirements

of strength and durability.
2. Aggregate Cement Ratio is then chosen to satisfy the workability
requirements.
SIMPLIFIED CONSTRUCTION
ESTIMATE
• Laboratory test results showed that, the water-cement content ratio is
the most important factor to consider because it influences not only
the strength and durability of the concrete but also the workability of
the fresh concrete being poured inside the forms.
CLASSIFICATON OF CONCRETE
MIXTURE
• Designed mixture – where the contractor is responsible in selecting
the mixture proportion to achieve the required strength and
workability
• Prescribed Mixture – where the designing Engineer specify the
mixture proportion. The contractor’s responsibility is only to provide a
properly mixed concrete containing the right proportions as
prescribed
CONCRETE MIXES
ADMIXTURES
 Water Reducing Admixtures
• Overview
• Can be used to reduce water content, improve slump or both
• Three groups: low-, medium- and high-range
• How it works
• improves water efficiency
• Effects on Concrete
• Increased strength
• Increased slump and workability
Water Reducer and High Range
Water Reducer
How they work

Without Admixture With Admixture

Water Reducer and High Range
Water Reducer
How they work

Without Admixture With Admixture

Retarding Admixtures
How it works
• Decreases the rate of cement hydration.

Effects on Concrete
• Delays Initial set
• Extends workability time
 Accelerators

• How they work

• Increases rate of cement hydration (C3S)
• Why accelerate concrete?
• Shorten the setting time
• Quicker early strength
• Reduce bleeding
• Earlier finishing
• Improved initial protection against freezing
• Earlier use of structure / piece
• Reduction of protection time to achieve a given
quality
 Corrosion Inhibitors

• How it works
• Passive film enhances the protection of
reinforcing steel from corrosion in the
concrete
• Generally, corrosion inhibitors are not
needed to protect steel reinforcing, due to
the passivating effect of the high pH in the
concrete.
• Effects on Concrete
• May accelerate initial set
• May improve early age strength
 Air Entraining Admixtures

• Overview
• Create stable system of microscopic air bubbles
• How it works
• Microscopic air bubbles gives water a place to
expand during freezing conditions
• Effects on Concrete
• Increased resistance to freeze-thaw damage
• Improved workability of fresh concrete
• Every 1% air entraining potentially reduces the
concrete strength by up to 5-10%
CONCRETE HARDENER 

• a water-based impregnating and hardening

sealer of the highest quality, specifically
developed to speed up and simplify the
mechanical sanding and polishing process
of concrete floors, which are more difficult
to polish on account of their porous nature
and their high capacity to absorb water. 
CONCRETE WATER PROOFERS
• Water under pressure and in contact
with one surface of the concrete can
be forced through channels between
the inner and outer surfaces. A
measure of the amount of water
passing in this way is a measure of
permeability; any admixture used to
reduce this flow is really a
permeability reducer.
BONDING AGENTS
• Used to join two surfaces
• The bonding agents should be carefully and thoroughly applied, either
with a brush, a broom or a roller – or for larger areas they can be
sprayed on.
NON-SKID SURFACES
• To avoid making concrete surfaces
slippery, use wood or cork floats which
will leave a rough surface instead of
steel troweling operation during the
floor-finishing process.
SURFACE SEALING AGENTS
• To form a watertight coating which will prevent water from
evaporating from a concrete surface and allow it to be retained for
hydration.
• To seal the pores of a concrete surface after it has hardened in order
to prevent the passage of water and the absorption of spilled
materials such as oil, grease, or paint
GAS FORMING AGENTS
• Under normal conditions concrete undergoes settlement' and drying
shrinkage, which in some situations, can result in undesirable
characteristics in the hardened concrete. For example, voids on the
underneath side of forms, blockouts,. reinforcing steel, or other
embedded parts such as machinery bases may interfere with the
bond and allow passage of water and reduce uniformity and strength
POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURES

• These pozzolanic; materials are generally substituted for 10 to 35

percent of the cement. It may be added to concrete mixes - rather
than substituting for part of the cement-to improve workability,
impermeability, and resistance to chemical attack.
 CONCRETE BLOCK
1. Hollow load-bearing concrete block
an 8x8x16
2. Solid Load Bearing Block
Hollow non load bearing block
Concrete Building Tile

• Concrete tile can be used just about

anywhere, indoors or out, including
floors, walls, fireplace surrounds,
pools and patios, shower enclosures,
countertops, backsplashes, and
building façades. In many cases,
concrete tile sizes, finishes, and
colors can be customized to suit your
design needs.
Concrete Brick

• Concrete brick is a very effective way

to make a strong first impression.
When people walk up or drive by a
home with concrete brick, second
glances are common reactions. 
• a mixture of cement and aggregate,
usually sand, formed in molds and
cured. Certain mineral colours are
added to produce a concrete brick
resembling clay.
CAST STONE
Cast stone or reconstructed stone is
a concrete masonry form of artificia stone which
simulates natural-cut stone. It is used for
architectural features: trim, or ornament; facing
buildings or other structures; statuary; and
for garden ornaments. Cast stone can be made
from white and/or grey cements, manufactured or
natural sands, crushed stone or natural gravels,
and colored with mineral coloring pigments. Cast
stone may replace such common natural building
stones
as limestone, brownstone, sandstone, bluestone, g
ranite, slate, coral, and travertine
RETARDERS
ACCELERATORS
CONCRETE
s
CEMENTS
PORTLAND CEMENT
• Made by the proper proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron
component.
• Mixed, burned, then pulverized.