ANIMAL NUTRITION AND FEEDING

VITAMIN B12

BATINAY J. , CAPIS H.
 INTRODUCTION:
 VitaminB12 is largest and most complex of the vitamins,
and is synthesized only by microorganism.

CYANOCOBALAMIN-common term used to refer to the

most active and stable supplemental form of vitamin B12.

 VitaminB12 is a dark red hygroscopic, needle shape

crystal, freely soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble
in acetone chloroform and ether.
 Tissue metabolism converts cyanocobalamin to the two primary
coenzyme forms adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin
ADENOSYLCOBALAMIN- is the mitochondrial form of B12. Acts also as an
intermediate in degradative pathway for valine, threonine, methionine,
thymine, isoleucine, cholesterol and odd-chain fatty acids.
METHYLCOBALAMIN- one of the two active, natural forms of B12. It helps
reduce homocysteine concentrations. The most important methyl donor
in the body, supplying methyl groups for crucial chemical reaction to
help maintain your health.
 Cyanocobalamin has a molecular weight of 1355. losses of vitamin B12
during feed processing are usually not excessive because vit.B12 is
stable at temperature lower than 250 degres celcius.
SOURCE OF VITAMIN B12
 FEEDSTUFF:
-generally good source of vitamin B12

-Liver and kidney are specially rich sources.

- Fermentation products sometimes contain B12.
-among the richest sources are fermentation residues including activated
sewage sludge and manure.
Functions of vitamin B12
 VitaminB12 ,like the other B vitamins, is important for
metabolism.
 it helps the formation of red blood cells
 And it helps in the maintenance of the central nervous
system.
 Essential
part of several enzyme system that carry out a
number of basic metabolic function.
 Formation of proteins from amino acids
 Although the most important task of vitaminB12
concern metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins it also
functions in metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
 DEFECIENCY SYMPTOM
 Anemia
 Watery discharge from the eyes
 Reduced wool and milk production
 Wasting diseases
 DEFFECIENCY SYMPTOMS IN CALVES LESS THAN SIX WEEKS
 Poor appetite and growth
 Lacrimation
 Muscular weakness
YOUNG LAMBS(UP TO 2MONTHS AGE)
 Anorexia
 Weight loss
 Decrease in blood hemoglobin concentration

CATLE AND SHEEP VITAMIN B12 DEFFECIENCY IS MOST OFTEN

CAUSED BY COBALT DEFFECIENCY.
TOXICITY SYMPTOM

1.Diarrhea
2. indigestion
o The origin of vitamin B12 in nature appears to
be microbial synthesis.
o Microbial synthesis of vitamin B12 in the
alimentary canal tract is of conciderable to
ruminants by species that practice coprophagy.

o COBALT- primary dietary precursor of

vitaminB12 in ruminants.
o Cobalt content of the diet is the primary factor
affecting the synthesis of vit.b12 by ruminal
microflora.
 Storage of vitaminB12 occurs principally in
the liver. Other storage sites include the
kidney, heart, spleen and brain.
 Duringcobalt deficiency vitaminB12 is
depleted more rapidly than other form of
cobalt in the liver.
REQUIREMENT
vitaminB12 is produced in tissues of higher
-

plants or animals.
Vit.B12 requirement increases with higher
rate of animal production and metabolism.
Vit.B12 requirements are exceedingly small
measured in units of micrograms per kg. of
feeds.
Excess dietary protein increases the
vitaminB12 requirement.
 VitaminB12is synthesized by many bacteria
but apparently not by yeast or by most
fungi.
 Pre-ruminantcalves, lambs and kids require
supplemental vitaminB12
 Vitamin
B12of the dairy calf are estimated
between 0.34 and 0.68 mg. per kg.
STRUCTURE OF VIT.B12
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