ASEXUAL

REPRODUCTION
 AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU
SHOULD KNOW HOW TO :

• State the two types of reproduction

• Differentiate between sexual and asexual
reproduction.
• State the advanatges and disadvantages
of sexual and asexual reproduction.
 AT THE END OF THIS LESSON, YOU
SHOULD KNOW HOW TO :

• State the types asexual reproduction.

• Describe how organisms are produced
asexual by Budding, Binary Fission,
Fragmentation and Vegetative
propogation.
 WHAT IS ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• Asexual reproduction only involves one
parent so there is no joining of sex cells
during fertilisation.
• Organisms produced by asexual
reproduction are genetically identical to
each other and their parent. They are
clones.
ADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

• Only one parent is needed

• It is more time and energy efficient as you
don't need a mate
• It is faster than sexual reproduction.
• The population can increase rapidly when
the conditions are favourable
DISADVANTAGES OF ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

• It does not lead to variation in a

population
• The species may only be suited to one
habitat
• Disease may affect all the individuals in a
population
BINARY FISSION-
BACTERIA
 BINARY FISSION-
• BACTERIA
This is Asexual reproduction by a separation of
the body into two new bodies.
• A Single parent cell doubles its DNA, then
divides into two with each new organism
receiving one copy of DNA.
• Usually occurs in bacteria.
 BUDDING
• A form of asexual reproduction in which a new
individual develops from Small growth points on
the parent plant( buds)
• Buds on surface of parent breaks off, resulting
in the formation of two identical individuals.
• Occurs in yeast and some animals
 FRAGMENTATION
• Fragmentation in multicellular organisms is a
form of asexual reproduction in which an
organism is split into fragments.
• Each of these fragments develop into
matured, fully grown individuals that are
identical to their parents
 FRAGMENTATION
• This kind of organism may develop
specific organs or zones that may be
shed or easily broken off.
 FRAGMENTATION
• Occurs in many plants, as well as
some animals (like coral, sponges,
and starfish).
FRAGMENTATION - STAR
FISH
 VEGETATIVE
PROPOGATION
• Is a type of asexual reproduction
found in plants.
• This type of reproduction occurs
when new individuals are formed
without the production of seeds or
spores.
 VEGETATIVE
PROPOGATION
• The formation of new plants out of
rhizomes or stolons is an example of
vegetative reproductive, such as in
the strawberry plant.
 VEGETATIVE
PROPOGATION
• Other plants use this type of
reproduction to reproduce through
bulbs or tubers, or shoots and
suckers that form along lateral roots.
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
 WHAT IS SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• Sexual reproduction involves the joining
of two sex cells,or gametes during
fertilisation.
• Organisms produced by sexual
reproduction have two parents and are
genetically similar to both but not
identical to either.
 ADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

• it produces variation in the offspring

• the species can adapt to new
environments due to variation, which
gives them a survival advantage
• a disease is less likely to affect all the
individuals in a population
DISADVANTAGES OF SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION

• Time and energy are needed to find a

mate.

• It is not possible for an isolated

individual.
 REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS INVOLVES:

• Gametogenesis: production of male and female

gamete( eggs and sperm.

• Fertilization: fusion of the nuclei of a male and a female

gamete.

• Pregnancy and Birth

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF THE MALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Produce large amounts of sperms.

• Produce semen; a liquid medium for the delivery of
sperm into the female reproductive tract,
• Secretes testosterone.
FIGURE 46.11A

Seminal
vesicle
(behind (Urinary bladder)
bladder)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue of penis
Scrotum Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis
FIGURE 46.11B

(Urinary bladder)

Seminal vesicle (Urinary duct)

(Rectum) (Pubic bone)
Vas deferens
Erectile
Ejaculatory duct tissue
Prostate gland
Urethra Penis
Bulbourethral gland Vas deferens Glans
Epididymis
Testis Prepuce
Scrotum
• Bladder – stores urine.
• Ureter- Carries urine from kidney to bladder.
• Seminal vesicle- Adds fluid containing
sugars(for energy), enzymes and proteins to
sperm . It is alkaline to neutralise contents of the
vagina to protect sperm.
• Prostate gland- contributes to semen by
secreting mucus and chemicals that activates
sperm.
• Cowper’s gland- secretes fluid that lubricates,
cleans and neutralises urethra before and during
ejaculation.
• Testes- Produces sperm and secretes testosterone.

• Scrotum- sac containing testes below the

abdominal cavity where temp. is 2-30C cooler than
body temp. Sperm cannot survive for long at 370C
• Epididymis- Collects sperm from seminiferous
tubules and reabsorbs fluid to concentrate them. Site
of maturation of sperm and it stores sperms.

• Urethra- carries semen during sexual intercourse

and urine during urination.
• Vas deferens- muscular tube that carries sperm to
the urethra.
• Penis- fills with blood to become erect.
• Inserted into the vagina during sexual intercourse.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Produce female gametes( eggs) in the ovaries.

• Transfer female gametes from the sites of fertilization
on the ovaries.
• Provide a site for the internal development of the
embryo and the foetus for the gestation period.
• Secretes the hormones. Oestrogen and Progesterone.
FIGURE 46.10A

Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Pubic bone)
(Rectum) Urethra
Cervix
Vagina Body
Glans Clitoris
Prepuce
Major vestibular Labia minora
(Bartholin’s) gland
Labia majora
Vaginal opening
FIGURE 46.10B

Oviduct
Ovaries

Follicles

Corpus luteum
Uterus Uterine wall
Endometrium
Cervix

Vagina
• Ovary- Produces and releases secondary
oocytes ( eggs) .Produces hormones oestrogen
and progesterone
• Oviduct- allows sperm to enter from the
uterus and carries secondary oocytes from
ovary to uterus; site of fertilization.
• Uterus- consist of endometrium( inner
layer) and is the site of development of the
embryo while the myometrium ( outer layer)
and it contracts during birth.
• Cervix- Ring of muscle which separates the uterus
from the vagina. It :
• Secretes mucus.
• Appears to be closed expect around the time of
ovulation
• Muscles at the base retains contents during pregnancy.
• Plug of antibacterial mucus during pregnancy during
pregnancy reduces infection.
• Muscles relaxes during birth so cervix dilates.
• Vagina- Muscular tube which consists of
epithelium which secretes mucus.
• It contains bacteria which produces lactic
acid to provide acidic environment to prevent
growth of other microorganisms.
• It is the site of deposition of semen during
intercourse.
• It is the birth canal.
• Vulva- external genitals including the clitoris and
labia. It contains many sensory receptors for
arousal during intercourse
GAMETOGENESIS
FIGURE 46.12AC

Neck
Tail Midpiece Head
Plasma
membrane

Acrosome
Nucleus
Mitochondria
enzymes used to
dissolve a path to
penetrate the egg

gene

produce ATP for

sperm motility.
HORMONAL CONTROL OF
MENSTRUAL CYCLE.
The menstrual cycle

Cycle repeats
until meno…
The maturation and release of egg cells from the ovary
are synchronized with changes in the uterus
 4.1 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

Day 1 to 5 of the menstrual cycle

• uterine lining breaks
down
• follicle begins to
develop
 4.1 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

Day 5 to 14 of the menstrual cycle

• uterine lining begins
to thicken
• follicle becomes
mature
 4.1 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

Day 14 of the menstrual cycle

• uterine lining
becomes very thick
• ovulation occurs
 4.1 Hormonal control of the menstrual cycle

Day 14 to 28 of the menstrual cycle

• uterine lining
remains thick
• ovum is moved
along the oviduct