The Roots

of
Andragogy
TOPICS:

A. Exploring the world of learning theories

B. Theories of Learning
Objectives:

1.Define learning theory

2. Identify different learning

theories .
What is a
Learning ?
Learnin
g
Learning is a process by
which we integrate new
knowledge generated as
a result of experiences.
The product of such
experiences is converted
into memories stored in
our brain. There is
basically no learning
without memories.
 What is
Theories ?
Theories
A supposition or
as system of ideas
intended to
explain something
especially one
based on general
principles
independent of
the thing to be
explained .
 Learning Theories
-Learning Theory describes how students
absorb, process, and retain knowledge during
learning. Cognitive, emotional, and
environmental influences, as well as prior
experience, all play a part in how
understanding, or a world view, is acquired or
changed and knowledge and skills retained
 Behaviourism

Cognitivism

Learning
Theories Constructionis
m

Connectivism
Connectivism

Humanism
 Behaviourism

-Learning as a response to external stimuli

 Behaviourism

-is a
view in which behaviour can be explained by
external factors and behavioural conditioning can be
used as a universal learning process.
 Behaviourism

-Behaviourism is a learning theory based on the idea

that behaviour can be controlled or modified based on
the antecedents and consequences of a behaviour
 Behaviourism

-In behaviourism, the ideas of positive and negative

reinforcement are effective tools of learning and
behaviourism modification, as well as a punishment and
reward system A behaviour is more or less likely to re
occur based on the reinforcements or consequences that
follow such as rewards and punishments
 Examples:

1.You can watch tv as

you are done with
your home works

2. Students who complete

all homework this week ,
don’t have to take the
exams on Friday.
 Examples:

3.Receiving as sticker
for a correct answer
on a math problem
Application :

Behaviours
• Come to class on
time
• Have materials out
when the bell rings
• Participate in the
class discussion
push in the share
when their living
 Reinforcement/
Consequences

• Award
Classroom
Money
• Take away the
classroom
money
Results :

Behaviours
• Come to class on
time
• Have materials out
when the bell rings
• Participate in the
class discussion
push in the share
when their living
 A Brief History of Behaviourism

• Behaviourism was formally established with the

1913 publication of John B. Watson's classic
paper, "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It.
• It is best summed up by the following quote
from Watson, who is often considered the
"father" of behaviourism:
• From about 1920 through the mid-1950s,
behaviourism grew to become the dominant
school of thought in psychology.
 A Brief History of Behaviourism

• Some suggest that the popularity of behavioural

psychology grew out of the desire to establish
psychology as an objective and measurable
science.
• Researchers were interested in creating theories
that could be clearly described and empirically
measured but also used to make contributions
that might have an influence on the fabric of
everyday human lives.
 Cognitivism

-Learningis a process of acquiring and

storing information
 Cognitivism

-is a learning theory developed by Jean Piaget in

which a child develops cognitive pathways in
understanding and physical response to
experiences. In this theory, students learn most
effectively through reading text and lecture
instruction. Also cognitivism is a learning theory that
focusses on how information is received, organized ,
stored, and retrieved by the mind
 Cognitivism

- Also cognitivism is a learning theory that

focusses on how information is received, organized ,
stored, and retrieved by the mind.
It is often used in developing classroom lesson and
helping students learn higher order thinking skills
 :
Example of application of Cognitivism

• Activating prior
knowledge by
beginning a lesson with
a review quiz
• Using graphic
organizers to help
structure and relate
content
• Classifying or chunking
information
 :
Example of application of Cognitivism

• Linking
concepts(associate
new content with
something known)
• Providing Structure (
Organizing structure
in efficient and
meaningful ways)
• Real world example
 :
Example of application of Cognitivism

• discussion
• Problem solving
• Analogies
• Imaginary/
providing pictures
• Mnemonics
 Cognitivism

-In cognitivism the instruction should be

organized, sequenced and presented in a manner
that is understandable and meaningful to the learner
-Cognitivism emphasized retention and recall
through the used of quality teaching practices.
 Constructivism

-Learning is a process of building and

understanding
 Constructivism

-isthe idea that people are responsible in creating

their own understanding of the world and using what
they know based on previous experiences in the
process of linking new information to these
experiences. People use these experiences and new
information to construct their own meaning.
 Constructivism

-This theory is used to focus on preparing people to problem

solve. Therefore to be successful, the learners need significant
base of knowledge upon which to interpret and create ideas .
-Aditionally with constructivism outcomes are not always
predictable because learners are constructing their own
knowledge
 :
Example of application of Constructivism

• Case studies
• Research projects
• Problem based
learning
• Brainstorming
• Collaborative learning/
Groupwork
• Discovery Learning
• Simulations
 Connectivism

-Connectivism learning is a process of

connecting nodes or information sources; it is
dependent upon technology and recognized the
role the internet plays in helping people expand
their learning
 Connectivism

- Also it explains how Internet technologies

have created new opportunities for people to
learn and share information across the World
Wide Web and among themselves.
 Humanism

-Focuses on the individual as the subject and

asserts that learning is a natural process that
helps a person reach self-actualization. Scenarios
and role modeling are important factors in
humanistic learning, as are experiences,
exploring and observing others.
 -Some core principles are important:

• Respect for life and human dignity;

• Equal rights and social justice;
• Respect for cultural diversity, sense of shared
responsibility and a commitment to international
solidarity.

These principles are all fundamental aspects of
our common humanity