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ZigBee

Venkat Bahl
Philips
Business Development Manager
Semiconductors Division
Market Application Landscape
Graphics Hi-Fi Digital
Text Internet audio Streaming video Multi-channel
video video

WAN
Long Range

GSM/CDMA GPRS/3G LMDS

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi5
802.11b LAN
802.11a/HL2
Short Range

ZigBee Bluetooth 2
802.15.4 WiMedia
Bluetooth 1 802.15.3
802.15.1 PAN

Low Data Rate High Data Rate


Semiconductors 2
Why ZigBee?
• Standard in a fragmented market
– Many proprietary solutions, interoperability
issues
• Low Power consumption
– Users expect battery to last months to years!
• Low Cost
• High density of nodes per network
• Simple protocol, global implementation

Semiconductors 3
ZigBee -Target Markets
• TV
• VCR
• Monitors • DVD
• Sensors Industrial & Consumer
• CD
• Automation Commercial Electronics • Remote
• Control

PC
Peripherals
• Mouse
Personal Low Data Rate • Keyboard
Healthcare Radio Devices • Joystick
• Gamepad

• Monitors
• Diagnostics
• Sensors • Security
• PETs Home
Toys • HVAC
• Gameboys Automation • Lighting
& • Educational • Closures
Games

Semiconductors 4
ZigBee Technology Adoption
Curve

Gap

Evangelize Technology Early Adopters Mature Market Laggards


Leaders

ZigBee today
Semiconductors 5
ZigBee Rate of Adoption
Market Matures

Home Control Adoption


Volume

Industrial Adoption

Initial Adoption

Time
Semiconductors 6
Standards Expectations
This will satisfy
all requirements
Market Expectations

Disillusionment

Everything
Market is OK
Interest Products
Builds start to ship

Obituaries
ZigBee today
Written

Time
Semiconductors 7
Market Size – Low Data Rate (No
) Low Data Rate Market

600
500
Million units

400
300 Others
200 Industrial Applications

100 Home Environment

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years

Source: ABI, Dataquest, Internal

Semiconductors 8
Market Segmentation 2002 - 2006
Segment Market Share 2002
•Industrial Applications will drive initial
market
0%
•Home Environment will become
48% Home

52%
Industrial
Others
Important
• Over time, there will be varied
Applications (Other)

Segment Market Share 2005

18%
Home
13%
Industrial
Others
69%

Semiconductors 9
Some Details - Home Controls

• Energy Management is going to be a key


aspect

• Even if we are to ignore the Building Auto


and Industrial Markets for a few minutes….

Semiconductors 10
• Founding Members • Associate Members
– Cisco – ADT Security Services – Metering Technology
– GM – Autco Distributing – N.E.W. Customer Service
– Invensys – AVAD Companies
– The NewPower – Coactive Networks – Qubit Technology
Company – CompUSA – Reliant Energy
– Panasonic – Connected Lifestyles – Sage Systems
– Sears – Echelon – Sempra Energy Connections
– emWare – Ucentric Systems
• Contributing Members – Gatespace – Visteon
– Best Buy – Home Director – Western Digital
– Sun – Honeywell – zBox
– Info-linc

The Connected Home:


• The features of a connected home exist today; they are not dreams of tomorrow. This home is
connected in the sense that normally independent systems are linked to a centrally controlled
system. In a connected home, your home computer, TV, lighting and heating controls, home security
system and many appliances within the home can talk to each other via the Internet. These linked
systems can be controlled through various devices, including your pager, cellular phone, TV, home
PC, PDA, or even your automobile.
• More specifically, the connected home offers the following: new forms of entertainment; anywhere,
anytime communication with family, friends and coworkers; advanced home control and security; new
ways to buy over the Internet; safe and secure e-mail and other communications; and always-on, high
speed Internet access - all from reliable providers.

Source: Internet Home Alliance the Advantage magazine.

Semiconductors 11
Internet Home Alliance Survey
Findings
Zigbee can provideInterest
or help provide 3 of the 5 top
in Individual Features
features customers wantof the in a connected
Connected Home home
100%
Zigbee use in thermostat
90% Zigbee sensors eliminate the need to
simplifies wiring and
80% run wires throughout the house and
connectivity to the Internet
70%
make adding a new system to an old
house realistic
60% Zigbee’s technical
characteristics and cost
50%
% of are ideal for DAP
respondents40% applications
interested
30%

20%

10%

0%
Video on Demand Web-based Home Anywhere, Internet control of e-Kitchen
Security anytime file heat/HVAC
access

Semiconductors
Source: Zanthus CEO interview, Internet Home Alliance The Advantage magazine.
12
Connected Home Pilot Programs

Energy Management OnStar at Home

•June to October 2001 •To begin Q1 2002


–300 households – 100 households
•Tested the effectiveness of •Integrated OnStar’s Virtual Advisor
energy management service with home security, control
systems and telecommunications
components
–NewPower initiated
– Provides an easy to use,
periodic energy
consistent interface to control
curtailments (e.g. raising home systems such as lighting,
the temperature a few temperature and home security
degrees during peak
– Homeowners will be able to
hours) to save money
control their home operations
–Individuals could override from any, PC, telephone, WAP
the curtailments manually phone or wireless PDA in addition
or through a Web portal to OnStar’s PCS service

Source: Website, Mercer interview.


Semiconductors 13
Home Networking
Home appliances will complement additional Zigbee
markets
Volume Comparison Between Home Appliances and CE devices
50 (Unit shipments in the US in 2000)
45
40
35
30
Unit
Shipments25
in 200020
(in millions)
15
10
5
0
Washer/ Micro- A/C Fridge/ Water Cooking Dish- Furnace Cell TV VCR DVD
Dryer wave Freezer Heater washer Phone

Semiconductors
Source: US shipments in 2000 from Appliance Magazine March 2001, Time “Machine of the Year 2000”.
14
Market Requirements

• Global licence free ISM band operation


• Unrestricted geographic use
• RF penetration through walls & ceilings
• Automatic/semi-automatic installation
• Ability to add or remove devices
• Possible voice support

Semiconductors 15
Market Requirements, cont...

• 10k-115.2kbps data throughput


• 10-75m coverage range (home/garden)
• Support for 32-255 nodes
• Support for 4 critical devices
• 4-100 co-located networks
• 0.5-2 year battery life
• Up to 5m/sec. (18kmph) permitted mobility
• Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2004/5!

Semiconductors 16
ZigBee - General Characteristics
• Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps
• Star topology, peer to peer possible
• 255 devices per network
• CSMA-CA channel access
• Optional Guaranteed Time Slot
• Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability
• Low power (battery life multi-month to years)
• Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)
• Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)
• Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings)
• Location Aware: Yes, but optional

Semiconductors 17
ZigBee Alliance - IEEE - Customer
Relationship

Customer
Application

Application Interface

ZigBee Alliance
Network Layer

Data Link Layer

MAC Layer

IEEE
MAC Layer

PHY Layer

ZigBee
Silicon Application
Stack

Semiconductors 18
Range Estimation (Meters)

0dBm 10dBm 20dBm


250kbps
10 20 40

Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model


Semiconductors 19
Network Topology

Network coordinator

Network node

IEEE node

Communications flow

Virtual links

Semiconductors 20
Other Network Forms

Network coordinator
Ad-hoc network
Network node

Gateway

Communications flow

Gateway enabled network

Semiconductors 21
Supported Traffic Types

• Periodic data
– Application defined rate

• Intermittent
– Basic communication

• Repetitive low latency data


– Allocation of guaranteed time slots

Semiconductors 22
The Network Coordinator
• Transmits network beacons

• Sets up a network

• Manages network nodes

• Stores network node information

• Routes messages between paired nodes

• Receives constantly

Semiconductors 23
The Network Node
• Is generally battery powered

• Searches for available networks

• Transfers data from its application as necessary

• Determines whether data is pending

• Requests data from the network coordinator

• Can sleep for extended periods

Semiconductors 24
Stack System Requirements
• 8-bit µ C, e.g. 80c51

• Full protocol stack <32k

• Simple node only stack ~4k

• Coordinators require extra RAM


– node device database
– transaction table
– pairing table

Semiconductors 25
The ZigBee Alliance
Some Participants

CompXs

Semiconductors 27
Standardization Challenge
How do we make a protocol a
standard?
• ZigBee Alliance created with companies who share a
common vision
• Alliance initiates need for low data rate W-PAN in IEEE,
802.15.4 is born
• Both MAC and PHY proposals win vote in IEEE
• Alliance is focussed on:
– Upper Layers of stack
– Interoperability
– Marketing
• Keep initial participants limited until spec basics are
defined

Semiconductors 28
ZigBee vs
Bluetooth

Competition or Complementary?
But ZigBee is
Bluetooth is
Better
Best
For : IF :
• Ad-hoc networks • The Network is static
between capable • Lots of devices
devices • Infrequently used
• Handsfree audio • Small Data Packets
• Screen graphics,
pictures…
• File transfer

Semiconductors 30
Air Interface:
ZigBee Bluetooth
DSSS FHSS
11 chips/ symbol 1 M Symbol / second
62.5 K symbols/s
4 Bits/ symbol

Peak Information Rate


Peak Information Rate
~128 Kbit/second ~720 Kbit/second

Semiconductors 31
ZigBee Protocol Stack
Size/Complexity
Application

Application Interface

Network Layer

Data Link Layer

MAC Layer
MAC Layer

PHY Layer

ZigBee
Silicon Application
Stack

Semiconductors 32
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Size/Complexity
User Interface

l a Cv
t es dae H
Fax
ssel dr o C

et o Nv
dr a Cv
Service
ll a C puor G
mocr et nI

e gasse Mv

pu-l ai D
Discovery

gni kr o wt e N
Telephony OBEX Protocol
Control
Protocol RFCOMM
(Serial Port)
HOST
eci o V

L2CAP
Host Control Interface
Link Manager
Link Controller
MODULE
Baseband
RF
Bluetooth
Silicon Applications
Stack

Semiconductors 33
Timing Considerations
ZigBee:
• New slave enumeration = 30ms typically
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms
typically
• Active slave channel access time = 15ms
typically

Bluetooth:
• New slave enumeration = >3s
• Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s
typically
• Active slave channel access time = 2ms
typically

ZigBee protocol is optimized for timing critical applications

Semiconductors 34
Initial Enumeration
ZigBee Bluetooth
Coordinator Coordinator

Semiconductors 35
Power Considerations
ZigBee Bluetooth

• 2+ years from • Power model as a


‘normal’ batteries mobile phone (regular
• Designed to optimise charging)
slave power • Designed to maximise
requirements ad-hoc functionality
Application example of a light
switch with respect to latency and
power consumption …...

Semiconductors 36
Battery Life & Latency in a
Lightswitch
• Bluetooth would either :
– keep a counter running so
that it could predict which
hop frequency the light
would have reached or
– use the inquiry procedure
to find the light each time
the switch was operated.

Semiconductors 37
To reduce latency, Bluetooth
would:
• The two devices must stay within 60 us (~1/10 of a hop)
• 30ppm crystals => could increase at 60us per second.
• Devices communicate once a second to track each other's clocks.
• Possibly could be improved by a factor of 100.

• The devices would then need to communicate once every 100


seconds to maintain synchronisation.

• => 900 communications / day with no information transfer


• + perhaps 4 communications on demand

• 99.5% Battery Power wasted

Semiconductors 38
To reduce power consumption,
Bluetooth would
• Undertake Bluetooth inquiry procedure when light
switch operated
• May typically take 10 seconds using Bluetooth 1.1 ?
• Much Better In Bluetooth 1.2
– possibly reduced to tens of ms BUT
– Not all requirements have been adopted yet

Semiconductors 39
Light switch Conclusion

• ZigBee radio using DSSS need only


perform CSMA before transmitting, a delay
of only 200 us (Radio wake up time)

• In the case of a light switch, ZigBee offers


longer battery life and lower latency than
a Bluetooth equivalent.

Semiconductors 40
Cost Standpoint
ZigBee:
• Minimum slave cost
• Minimum software and processing (80C51), no host
platform
• System design for eventual single-chip antenna-to-
application realisation

Bluetooth:
• Low added cost connectivity
• Take advantage of host processor power (ARM7…)
• 802.11 functionality but with simplified r.f.
specifications

Semiconductors 41
Solution Prices

ZigBee:
• Price 2003 - $6
• Price 2005 - $1.5-2.5

Bluetooth:
• Price Now - $10
• Price 2005 - $5

Two different solutions optimised for different


applications…...
Semiconductors 42
Conclusion
• ZigBee and Bluetooth are two solutions for two
application areas

Semiconductors 43
ZigBee in Building Automation
• Existing solutions are either:
– Power Line Carrier based (PLC)
• Expensive ($15 - $40 BOM)
• Restricted to where there is existing power lines
• No mobility
• Interference from noisy inductance into the system (adding a fan, etc.)
• Security issues, PLC goes outside the home
• Interoperability is questionable
– Or proprietary
• Interoperability among various manufacturers
• Cost
• Existing RF solutions have limited capabilities

Semiconductors 44
ZigBee - Bluetooth - PLC
Comparison
ZigBee Bluetooth PLC
C ost (BOM) $5 $10 $15-$40
Power years hours N/ A
Data Rate 250Kbps 720Kbps 3/ 10 Mbps
C omplexity Low Medium High
Density 255 + 7 20-250
Interop Yes Yes No
Ease of Use Simple Moderate Restrictive
Latency 15ms >3s <15ms
Interference Low High High
Security High High Low
Semiconductors 45
Thank You

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