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Lecture - 11
Introduction
An open channel is a passage through which the water
flows under the force of gravity and atmospheric pressure.
Or in other words, when the free surface of the flowing water
is in contact with the atmosphere as in the case of canal, a
sewer or an aqueduct (a bridge for conveying water is called
an aqueduct), the flow is said to be through an open channel.
A channel may be covered or open at the top(sewer pipe etc.)
The flow of water in the channel is due the slope of the bed
of channel instead of pressure as in the case of pipe flow.
The velocity is different at different points in the channel, but
calculations are based on the mean velocity of flow.
Here we will assume the flow to be steady and uniform.
Chezy’s Formula for Discharge
through an Open Channel
Consider an open channel of uniform cross section and bed slope as shown
in figure.
Let
l = Length of the channel
A = Area of flow
v = velocity of water
P = Wetted perimeter of the cross-section
f = Frictional resistance per unit area at unit velocity, and
i = Channel bed slope (i.e., i= tanθ = Vertical Height/Horizontal Distance)
It has been experimentally found that the total frictional resistance
in the length l of the channel follows a law,
Frictional Resistance f x Contact Area x (Velocity) n
f x Pl x v n
The value of n has been experimentally found to be nearly equal to 2.
But, for all practical purposes, its value is taken to be 2.
Therefore frictional resistance
f x Pl x v 2
Since the water moves through a distance v in one second, therefore
workdone in overcoming the friction
Frictional resistance x Distance
f x Pl x v 2 x v f x Pl x v 3
We know that weig ht of water in the channel in a length of l metres.
Al
Where is specific Weight of water.
This water will fall vertically down by the distance equal to v.i
Height
(where i tan ) in one second.
Horiz. Dist.
Therefore loss of potential energy
Weight of water x Height
Al x v.i
We also know that workdone in overcomong friction
Loss of potential energy
f x Pl x v 3 Al x v.i
A i
v2
f P
A
v x x i C mi
f P
Where C (Known as Chezy's constant)
f
A
and m (called hydraulic radius)
P
Discharge Q A x v A C mi
Problem-1
A rectangular channel is 1.5m deep and 6m wide. Find the
discharge through channel, when it runs full. Take bed slope as
1 in 900 (1V : 900 H) and Chezy’s constant as 50.
Given :
d 1.5m
b 6m
i 1/900 and C 50
We know that area of channel,
A b. d 6 x 1.5 9m 2
And wetted perimeter D b 2d 6 2(1.5) 9m
A 9
Hydraulic radius m 1m
P 9
Discharge through channel,
1
Q A. C mi 9 x50 1x 15m 3 / s
900
Problem-2
Water is flowing at the rate of 16.5 m3/s in an earthen
trapezoidal channel with bed width 9m, water depth 1.2m and
side slope 1:1/2. Calculate the bed slope, if the value of C is 49.5.
Solution:
Given :
Q 16.5m 3 / s,
b 9m,
d 1.2m,
1
Side Slope 1 :
2
C 49.5
Let i bed slope of trapezoidal channel.
We know that area of flow,
1
A (9x1.2) 2( x1.2x0.6) 11 .52m 2
2
And wetted perimeter, P 9 2 (1.2)2 (0.6)2 11.68m
A 11 .52
Hydraulic radius m 0.968
P 11 .68
Discharge through the channel (Q),
Q A.C m.i
16.5 11.52 x 49.5 0.986 x i
1
i 8.47 x10 4
1181
Problem-3
A channel has two sides vertical and semi-circular bottom of 2
meters diameter. Calculate the discharge of water through the
channel, when the depth of flow is 2m. Take C = 70 and slope of
bed as 1 in 1000.
Solution:
Bottom Diameter 2m,
Depth of Water 2m
C 70 and i 1/1000
We know that the area of flow,
(1) 2
A (2x1) 3.57 m
2
and Wetted Perimeter, 1 ( x1) 1 5.142m
A 3.57
m 0.695m
P 5.14
and Discharge of water through the channel,
1
Q A.C mi 3.57 x 70 x 0.695x 6.597m3 /s
Bazin’s Formula for Discharge
Bazin, after carrying out series of experiments, deducted the
following relation for the value of C in the Chezy’s formula
for discharge,
157.6
C
K
1.81
m
Where K is constant known as Bazin constant, whose value
depends upon the roughness of the channel surface and m is
the hydraulic radius.
Value of K:
0.00155 1
23
C i N
0.00155 N
1 23
i m
N
Where N is a constant and has same value as in the previous
table.
Now we see that the velocity,
1 1
v C mi m1 / 6 mi m 2 / 3 i1 / 2
N N
N is known as Manning’s constant.
Now the Discharge, Q = Area x Velocity
= A x (1/N) x m2/3 x i 1/2
Problem-6
A cement lined rectangular channel 6m wide carries water at
the rate of 30m3/s. Find the value of Manning’s constant, if the
slope required to maintain a depth of 1.5m is 1/625.
Solution:
Given :
b 6m, Q 30m3 /s, d 1.5m and i 1/625
Let N Value of Manning' s constant
We know that the area of flow,
A b. d 6 x 1.5 9m 2
and Wetted Perimeter P 1.5 6 1.5 9m
A 9
Hydraulic radius m 1m
P 9
We know that discharge through the channel (Q),
1
QAx m 2 / 3 i1 / 2
N
1/ 2
1 1
30 9 (1) 2 / 3 N 0.012
N 625
Channels of Most Economical Cross- Sections
2 2
on channels of trapezoid al cross - section.
Problem-7
A trapezoidal channel having side slopes of 1:1 and bed slope
of 1 in 1200 is required to carry a discharge of 180m3/min.
Find the dimensions of the channel for minimum cross-
section. Take Chezy’s constant as 50.
Solution:
Given :
Side Slopes (n) 1, i 1/1200
Q 180m3 / min 3m 3 / s and C 50
Let
b Breadth of channel of its bottom,
d Depth of water flow
We know that for minimum cross section, the channel should be most economical.
And for most economical trapezoidal section half of the top width is equal to the
sloping side. i.e,
b 2nd
d n2 1
2
b 2(1)d
d 12 1
2
Solving
b 0.828d
Area, A d(b nd) d(0.828d 1xd) 1.828d 2
We know that in case of most economical trapezoidal section,
the hydraulic radius,
d
m
2
and discharge through channel (Q),
Q A.C m.i
d 1
3 1.828d 2 x50 x
2 1200
Solving ,
d 1.21m
b 0.828d 0.828 x1.21 1m
What about most economical other
channel sections????????