Multistorey

Building
Introduction
Multistorey Building
 Multistorey Building
• Reinforced concrete buildings consist of floor slabs,
beams, girders and columns continuously placed to
form a rigid monolithic system as shown in Fig. 19.1.
Such a continuous system leads to greater
redundancy, reduced moments and distributes the
load more evenly. The floor slab may rest on a system
of interconnected beams. Interior beams B4, B5, B6
are supported on the girders, whereas, the exterior
beams BI, B2, B3 are directly supported by the
columns. Girders such as GI, G2, G3 are also
supported directly by the columns. Beams BI, B2, B3
and girders GI, G2 and 03 are not only continuous but
are also monolithic with upper and lower columns.
 Multistorey Building
• Thus, a building frame is a three-dimensional
structure or a space structure. It is idealized as a
system of interconnected two-dimensional
vertical frames along the two mutually
perpendicular horizontal axes for analysis. These
frames are analyzed independently of each other.
In frames where the columns are arranged on a
rectangular grid, loading patterns giving biaxial
bending need not be considered except for corner
columns.
 Multistorey Building
• The degree of sophistication to which a structural
analysis is carried out depends on the importance
of the structure. A wide range of approaches have
been used for buildings of varying heights and
importance, from simple. approximate methods
which can be carried out manually, or with the aid
of a pocket calculator, to more refined techniques
involving computer solutions. Till a few years ago
most of the Multistorey buildings were analyzed
by approximate methods such as substitute
frame, moment distribution, portal and cantilever
methods.
 Multistorey Building
• The recent advent of personal computers (PC's)
and the abundance of ready-made computer
package programs has reduced the use of
approximate methods which at present are useful
for preliminary analysis and verification. The
application of computers is not restricted merely
to analysis; they are used in almost every phase
of concrete work from analysis to design, to
plotting, to detailing, to specification writing, to
cost estimating etc.
Sections of multistory
Building
 Structural Analysis
• A building is subjected to various load such as
dead load, live load, lateral load such as wind
load or earthquake load.
• A structural systems may be classified as follows
i. Load bearing wall systems
ii. Building with flexural systems
iii.Moment resisting frame system
iv.Dual frame system
v. Tube systems
i. Load bearing wall system
• Walls provide support for all gravity load s as well
as resistance to lateral loads
• There are no columns
• The walls and partition wall supply in-plane
lateral stiffness and stability to resist end and
earthquake loading.
• This systems lacks in providing redundancy for
the vertical and lateral load supports, that is, if
the walls fail, the vertical loads as well as lateral
loads carrying capacity is eliminated to instability.
 ii. Building with flexural wall
system
• The gravity load is carried primarily by a frame
supported on columns rather than bearing walls.
• Some minor portion of the gravity load can be
carried on bearing walls but the amount so
carried should not should not represent more
than a few % of the building area.
• The resistance to lateral loads is provided by
nominal moment resistance be incorporated in
the vertical load frame design.
iii. Moment resisting frame
systems
• If the system in which members and joints are
capable of resisting vertical and lateral loads
primarily by flexural.
• To qualify for a response reduction factor R=5. the
frame should be detailed conforming to IS
13290:1993 to provide ductility excepts in seismic
zone2.
• In moment resistant frame, relative stiffness of
girders and columns is very important.
• A frame may be designed using weak column-
strong girder proportions or strong column-weak
girder proportions.
 iv. Flexural shear (wall)
systems
• It is reinforced concrete wall designed to resist
lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall and
detailed to proved ductility conforming to IS
13290-1993.
• The international building code of America IBC
2000 permits the use of flexural shear wall
systems up to height of about 45m.
• However, it can be used up to height of 70m, if
and only if; flexural walls in any plane do not
resist more than 33% of the earthquake design
force including torsional effects.
 v. Dual frame systems
• It is structural system with the following features:
i. Moment resisting frame providing support for
gravity loads.
ii. Resistance resisting loads is provided by :
a) Specially detailed moment resisting frame which is capable of
resisting at least 25% of the base shear including torsion effects
b) Flexural walls must resist total required lateral force in accordance
with relative stiffness considering interaction of walls and frames as
single systems.
 vi. Space frame
• It is three dimensional structural systems without
shear or bearing walls composed of
interconnected members laterally supported so
as to function as complete self contained unit
with or without aid of horizontal diaphragm of
floor systems.
 vii. Tube system
• If consisting of closely spaced exterior columns
tied at each floor level with relatively deep
spandrel beams.
• Thus it creates the effect of hollow concrete tube
perforated by opening for the windows.
• The exterior columns are generally spaced
between 1.2m to 3m.
• The spandrel beams interconnecting the closely
spaced columns have a depth varying from 60cm
to 1.25m and width from 25cm to 1m.
• Such building has very high moment of inertia
about the two orthogonal axes in controlling
lateral displacements in very tall building.
 Stiffness Elements
• In tall buildings stiffness elements are required so
as to control the lateral drift from serviceability
considerations.
• Stiffness may be provided through walls, wall
panels or diagonal bracing members.
 Regularity
• Regularity of a building can significantly affect its
performance during a strong earthquake.
• Past earthquakes have repeatedly shown that buildings
having irregular configurations suffer greater damage than
buildings having regular configurations.
• Regular structures have no significant physical
discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in their
lateral force systems.
• Whereas irregular structures have significant physical
discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral force
resisting systems.
• They may have either vertical irregularity or plan
irregularity or both.
 Vertical Structural
Irregularity
• Stiffness soft- storey- a soft storey is one in which the lateral
stiffness is less than 70% of that in the storey above or less
than 80% of average stiffness of the three storeys above.
• Strength weak storey- a weak storey is one in which the
storey strength is less than 80% if that in the storey above.
The storey strength is the total strength of all seismic force
resisting elements sharing the storey shear for the direction
under consideration.
• Vertical geometry
• In plane discontinuity and
• Weight or mass - A mass irregularity is considered to exist
where the effective mass of any storey is more than 150% of
the effective mass of an adjacent storey. A roof which is
lighter than the floor below need not be considered.
 Plan Structural Irregularity
It may be caused on account of the following
aspects:
(1) Torsional irregularity,
(2) Re-entrant corners,
(3) Diaphragm discontinuity,
(4) Out-of-plane offsets, and
(5) Non-parallel systems.
 NEED FOR REDUNDANCY
• It is strongly 'recommended that the lateral force resisting system be made as redundant as
possible within the functional parameters of the building because of many unknowns and
uncertainties in the magnitude and characteristics of the earthquake loading, in the
materials & systems of construction, and in the method of analysis.
• Redundancy plays an important role in determining the ability of the building to resist
earthquake forces. In a statically determinate system every component must remain
operative to preserve the integrity of the structure.
• On the contrary, in a highly indeterminate system, one or more redundant components may
fail and still leave a structural system which retains its integrity and continue to resist the
earthquake forces although with reduced effectiveness.
• It is, therefore, preferable to provide multiple lines of bracing to perimeter bracing, and
multiple bents or bays of bracing in each bracing line than a single braced bay. Good
torsional stiffness is also essential. The objective is to create a system that will have its
inelastic behavior distributed nearly uniformly throughout the plan and elevation of the
system. The back up system can prevent progressive or catastrophic collapse if distress
occurs in the primary system.
 PARTITION WALLS OR
INFILL WALLS
• Brick masonry is a highly non-homogeneous and orthotropic material and it is
difficult to model its behavior and properties. The behavior of a framed building
with masonry infill's is quite complex. There are several problems associated
with the masonry panels during earthquakes. Soft storey effect is the most
serious. The presence of windows and absence of any rigid contact between the
masonry panel and the beam above and below further complicates the problem.
The infill's are brittle and weak compared to the concrete members. The infill's
contribute to the stiffness of the building during the initial stage of loading but
fail much earlier before the ultimate capacity of the frame is reached. Similarly,
they do not contribute to the strength and ductility of the frame. The usual
practice is to ignore the strength and stiffness of the infill's but to consider its
mass and design the bare frame for earthquake load.
• It is desirable to provide a 10-20 mm clear gap between the masonry panel and
the adjoining beam and columns. The gap may be filled with weak mortar. The
intention is to let the infill panel separate from the moment resisting frame
during an earthquake and let the moment resisting frame resist the earthquake
force through ductile behavior. It is recommended that for such ductile moment
resisting frames with infill wall panels a R value equal to 4 should be taken
instead of as implied in the. IS: 1893-2001.
 MEMBER STIFFNESS
• Stiffness of a member in elastic analysis is defined as EI/L were E
is modulus of elasticity of concrete, I is moment of inertia and L is
center to center length of a member.
• The codes generally allow the use of any reasonable assumption
when computing the stiffness for use in a frame analysis provided
the assumptions made are consistent throughout the analysis.
• Ideally, the member stiffness El should reflect the degree of
cracking and inelastic action which has occurred along each
member immediately prior to the onset of yielding.
• The value of El varies along the length of a member and is also a
function of stress level.
• The exact determination of El is quite complex, hence simple
assumptions are required to define the flexural stiffness for
practical analysis. The results of an analysis obviously depend on
the values of El.
 Modulus of elasticity
• A suitable value of the modulus of elasticity of
concrete is required if a building frame is to be
analyzed by the stiffness method using a
computer. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is
considerably more variant than its compressive
strength.
 Moment of inertia
• The moment of inertia of a section can be determined on the basis
of any one of the following cross-sections throughout the building:
(a) Gross concrete section -'the cross-section of the member
ignoring reinforcement,
(b) Gross equivalent section - the concrete cross-section plus
the area of reinforcement transformed on the basis of modular
ratio.
(c) Cracked section - the area of concrete in compression plus
the area of reinforcement transformed on the basis of modular
ratio.
• For the purpose of computing the moment of inertia, the value of
modular ratio may be taken as 15 irrespective of the grade of
concrete in the absence of better information. A consistent
approach should be used for all elements of the structure.
 Moment of inertia
• The moment of inertia of beams/girders and columns is
generally calculated on the basis of gross-section with no
allowance made for reinforcing steel. There is a difficulty
involved in the determination of moment of inertia to be
used in continuous T-beams. The moment of inertia is much
greater where there is sagging moment with the flanges in
compression than where there is hogging moment with the
flanges cracked due to tension. Thus, there is a need to use
an equivalent value which is constant throughout its length.
A general practice is to assume equivalent moment of
inertia equal to twice the moment of inertia of the web. The
depth of web is taken as the overall depth of the beam.
 LOADS
• The dead load on a frame is calculated floor-wise and consists of
weight of floors, girders, partition walls, false ceiling, parapets,
balconies, fixed or permanent equipment and half the columns
above and below a floor. The load acting on a column is calculated
from all the beams framing into it.
• Live loads the magnitude of live load depends upon the type of
occupancy of the building. IS 875-1987 (part 2) has specified
certain minimum values of live loads (or imposed loads) for
specific purpose as given in Appendix C. l. The live load
distribution varies with time. Hence, each member is designed for
the worst combination of dead and live loads. A reduction in live
load is allowed for a beam if it carries load from an area greater
than 50 m2. The reduction is 5 % for each 50 m2 area subject to a
maximum reduction of 25 %.
LOADS
 Wind Loads
Wind is essentially a random phenomenon. In the
past it was considered sufficient to the highest wind
speed that had been recorded at the meteorological
stations nearest concerned place. The
corresponding wind pressure was applied statically.
This was erroneous practice since wind loading
varies with time. Moreover, the wind speed )
depends on several factors such as : density of
obstructions in the terrain, size of gust, return
period, and probable life of structure etc. Thus no
deterministic method can do Lice with wind loading.
• The wind loads in IS: 875-1987. (Part 3) are based
on two considerations:
(1)The statistical and probabilistic approach to the
evaluation of wind loads, and
(2)Due recognition to the dynamic component of
wind loading and its interaction with the dynamic
characteristics of the structure.
• The design wind speed Vz at any given height and
at a given site is expressed as a product of four
parameters
• Vz = Vbk1k2k3
Where
Vb = basic wind speed in meter/sec at 10 m height
K1= probability or risk factor
k2 = terrain, height, and structure size factor
k3 =local topography factor
 Effect of Sequence of
Construction
• Most computer softwares for the analysis of building
frames are based on the stiffness matrix method. They
require input of the building geometry and loading
before beginning the analysis. The quantum of data
depends whether the analysis is 2-D or 3-D. In actual
practice, a building is built up gradually, hence dead
load is also built up gradually. In a 15- storey building,
at the time 6th floor is being raised, there is only a 6-
storey frame and not a 15- storey frame. Hence, the
dead load of 6- storey frame is resisted by a 6- storey
frame and not a 15- storey frame. The procedure of
simultaneous analysis of a complete frame for dead
and live loads may lead to erroneous results.
• The simultaneous analysis of a complete frame is
correct only for live loads. It is correct for dead
loads if all columns have identical stress level or
axial deformations. If the adjoining columns have
differential elastic shortening, the analysis may
show significant positive bending moments over
the highly stressed column. In fact, by the time 7-
th storey is being raised, the elastic axial
shortening in the 6- storey frame due to dead
loads has already taken place and, there won't be
any positive moment over the highly stressed
column. A similar situation may arise in a shear
wall-frame structure near top region of the shear
wall.
 ANALYSIS FOR LATERAL
LOADS
• A building should be carefully designed for
lateral forces because not only must buildings
have sufficient lateral resistance to prevent
overturning, hence failure, but they also must
have sufficient lateral resistance to deflections so
as to satisfy the limit state of serviceability.
Approximate analysis, of building frames can be
carried out either.by portal method or by
cantilever method. The portal method is
supposed to be satisfactory for most buildings
upto about 25 storeys, whereas, the cantilever
method is good enough for about 35 storeys.
 Portal method
• In this method, the following assumptions are
made:
• (1) There is a point of inflection at the centre of
each girder.
• (2) There is a point of inflection at the centre of
each column.
• (3) The total horizontal shear on each storey is
divided between the columns of that storey so
that each interior column carries twice as much
shear as each exterior column.
• These assumptions reduce a highly statically
indeterminate structure to a statically determinate
one. The method neglects the effect of axial
deformations in the columns. he assumptions
associated with the portal method results in errors in
the vicinity of the base and top of the frame, and at set
backs or locations where significant changes in ember
stiffness occur.
 Cantilever method
In this method, the following assumptions are made:
•1) There is a point of inflection at the centre of each
girder.
•2) There is a point of inflection at the centre of each
column.
•3) The intensity of axial stress in each column of a
storey is proportional to horizontal distance of that
column from the centre of gravity of all the columns of
the storey under consideration.
•It is suggested that if height of the building is more
than five times its least lateral dimension, a more
precise method of analysis should be used.
 TORSION IN BUILDINGS
• There are series of frames in orthogonal
directions x and y to resist gravity loads and
lateral loads. A floor is generally quite rigid in its
own plane. Each frame may have a different
stiffness distribution and mass distribution. At
each floor, it is possible to centre of rigidity due
to lateral stiffness and centre of mass. If the
building is symmetric with respect to lateral
stiffness and mass, the two entre would coincide.
Otherwise, there will be an eccentricity in the two
directions.
TORSION IN BUILDINGS
Steps in torsional analysis
• Step I : Arrange all the frames in the building
along the y-direction interconnected through
axially rigid links at the floor levels, apply the
lateral loads and carry out a plane frame static
analysis. The frame shears computed by
analyzing this hypothetical building are taken as
the relative stiffnesses of the lateral load resisting
elements.
• Step 2 Arrange all the y-direction frames in the building
along the y-direction interconnected through axially rigid
links at the floor levels, apply the lateral loads and carry
Out a plane frame static analysis. The frame shears
computed by this analysis are used to compute the x-
coordinates of the reference centers (shear centre by the
storey eccentricity approach and centre of rigidity by the
floor eccentricity approach Another such analysis in the x-
direction gives the y-coordinates of the reference centers.
• Step 3 Compute the, torsional stiffness K9 of the building
with reference to the reference centres computed in Step 2
using the relative stiffnesses of the frames computed in the
Step 1. The values of K9 are different for the two sets of
reference centres.
 Steps in torsional analysis

• Step 4 Compute the location of the reference

centres of mass. In the case of storey eccentricity
approach these are the cumulative centres of
mass while in the case of floor eccentricity
approach these are the nominal centres of mass.
Then compute the eccentricity at each floor.
• Step 5 : Compute the design torsional moments
corresponding to eda for y-direction loading and
compute the frame shears.
Monolithic Beam To Column Joints

• A beam-column joint is a very critical element in

reinforced concrete construction where the
elements intersect In all the three directions.
• Floor slab has been removed for convenience.
Quite often in design the details of joint are simply
ignored. Joints are most critical because they
insure continuity of a structure and transfer forces
that are present at the ends of members into and
though the joint.
• Frequently joints are points of weakness due to
lack of adequate anchorage for bars entering the
joint from the columns and beams.
The shear in joint