Purposive Communication

Lesson III

CONVENTION AND REFERENCE

STYLE

Catbagan, Marvin Kemler B.

 INTRODUCTION

Citation or documentation is the

acknowledgement of the sources of ideas
and information in a paper. The authority
or sources for all the facts and opinions
that the researcher has derived from the
sources must be cited to provide the
reader with an accurate account of the
material from which he based the
conclusion of the study.
 LESSON OBJECTIVES

• Define citation convention;

• Define Documentation and
differentiate the means of
documentation entries;
• Write the correct form of referencing.
 PURPOSES OF CITATION

• To attribute theories, concepts, and ideas to

their original source;
• To provide readers with a kind of readings
the author has done;
• To add credibility to the paper by
demonstrating that the author is engaged
in relevant research materials;
 PURPOSES OF CITATION

• To provide an easy way for the

readers to get access to the source
materials;
• To situate the author in an academic
community with shared conventions;
• To avoid plagiarism.
 PURPOSES OF CITATION

• In-text citation
 Citation inserted in the body of a paper.

• Full bibliographic reference

 Citation at the end of the paper.
 DIFFERENT REFERENCING
CONVENTIONS

• Harvard
 Used widely in Academic Journals

• APA (American Psychological Association)

 Citation technique usually used in the Social
Sciences

• Chicago
 Style guide for typographical and citation
techniques often used by academic publishers.
 DIFFERENT REFERENCING
CONVENTIONS

• IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering)

 Writing and referencing guidance used in the fields of
Engineering and Technology

• MLA (Modern Language Association)

 Citation technique used particularly in Academic Writing
for Languages and Literature.

• MRHA (Modern Humanities Research Association)

 Citation style used in academic theses and essays in the
Humanities
 DIFFERENT REFERENCING
CONVENTIONS

• OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of

Legal Authorities)
Citation guidelines for legal materials

• Vancouver
 Style of referencing using a numerical
system – often used in medical writing
 GENERAL GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCING

1.Note Bibliography System

2.Parenthetical Reference
System
 NOTE BIBLIOGRAPHY SYSTEM

• Involves presentation of
bibliographical information
in footnotes or endnotes
and in bibliography.
 NOTE BIBLIOGRAPHY SYSTEM

FOOTNOTES
• Entries that appear at the bottom of the
page which are numbered consecutively.
• Indented and single-spaced
• Used to acknowledge sources for theta
and opinions taken from the works of
others.
• Used purely for explanatory matter.
PARENTHETICAL REFERENCE SYSTEM

• Entails including citation in

parentheses within the text and
a list of works documented.
• It commonly use APA style to
cite sources.
 APA CITATION
BASICS
In-Text Citation Capitalization | Quotes | Italics |
Underlining
 ONE AUTHOR

In-text citation Reference list

Write only the last name for all Reverse the name of the author,
in-text citations. and write only the last name and
initials separated by a comma.

Example: Example:

Dela Cruz, Dela Cruz, J.,

 TWO TO SEVEN AUTHORS

In-text citation Reference list

Last Name A & Last name B, Last name, A. A., & Last name, B.
(year) B

Use ampersand (&) instead of Use ampersand (&) instead of

“and”. “and”.

Example: Example:

Carlson & Lee, Carlson, R. G., & Lee, M. R

Flores, K. and Flores, Z. Flores, K. and Flores, Z.

Note: In listing the authors, follow the same order as it

is written in the source.
 CORPORATE/ORGANIZATION
AUTHOR

In-text citation Reference list

Name of the organization or (same as in-text)

group

Example:
Example:
American Psychological
American Psychological Association
Association
 NO AUTHOR
In-text citation Reference list

Title of the article or work Title of the article or work

For works with short titles, write
the full title in the in-text citation,
whereas for long titles, include
only the first few words enclosed
in double quotation marks.

Example: Example:

“Lifestyle Disease and Mortality” Lifestyle Disease and Mortality

 IN-TEXT CITATION
In-Text Citation Capitalization | Quotes | Italics |
Underlining
IN-TEXT CITATION IS USUALLY
WRITTEN IN A PARENTHESIS
WITH THE LAST NAME OF
THE AUTHOR AND YEAR
SEPARATED BY A COMMA.

(Ortega,
2011)
IF THE LAST NAME OF THE
AUTHOR IS INCLUDED IN THE
TEXT, WRITE ONLY THE YEAR
INSIDE THE PARENTHESIS.

Ortega,
(2011)
INCLUDE THE NAME OF THE
AUTHOR, YEAR, AND PAGE
NUMBER IF A PART OF A
WORK IS DIRECTLY QUOTED.

(Hill & Scott, 2003, p.

24)& Scott (2003,
According to Hill
p. 24)
FOR WORKS WITH NO DATE,
USE N.D.

(Mitchell, n.d.)
Mitchelle (n.d.)
CITATION BY PDF SOURCE

Italicize the title of

books, newspapers,
magazines and
journals.
CITATION BY PDF SOURCE

The date is written in

this order: year,
month day.
CITATION BY PDF SOURCE

Include the URL or DOI.

Digital Object Identifier
(DOI) is a unique
alphanumeric string used by
scholarly publishers to
provide persistent link to
content in the internet.
BOOK
 BOOK
Element Location
Author Title page
Title page or the next
Year of Publication
page
Title of the book Title page
Title page or the next
Place of publication
page
Title page or the next
Publisher
page
Address bar of the
URL
browser
First page of the
 BOOK
Basic Format

Author. (Year). Title of Book (edition if not first) [PDF file].

Place of Publication: Publisher. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or
doi:0000000/000000000000 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000
Example

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication

Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th
ed.) [PDF file]. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from
https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2013/ZUR537/um/APA.pdf
PERIODICAL
S
 PERIODICAL
Element
S Location
Author Top of the periodical
Top of the periodical, within the
Date of Publication
website
Title of the article or Top of the periodical, within the
topic website
Top, bottom or side of the
Title of the periodical
periodical, within the website
Volume number and Top of the periodical, within the
Issue number website
Page Number Top or bottom of the periodical
URL Address bar of the browser
 PERIODICALS
Basic Format

Author. (Date). Title of article [PDF file]. Title of Online Periodical,

Volume number (issue number if available), pages. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or doi:0000000/000000000000
or http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000

Example

Davy, B.M., Davy, K. P., Ho, R. C., Beske, S. D., Davrath, L. R., &
Melby, C. L. (2002, August). High-fiber oat cereal compared with
wheat cereal consumption favorably alters LDL-cholesterol subclass
and particle numbers in middle-aged and older men [PDF file]. The
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 76(2), 351-358. Retrieved
 PERIODICALS
Note:
The issue number written in a parenthesis after the
volume number should not be italicized.
 WEB DOCUMENT,
WEB PAGE OR REPORT
 WEB DOCUMENT,
WEB PAGE OR REPORT
Element Location
Author First or last page
Date of Publication First, second or last page
Title of the document First page
URL Address bar of the browser
First page of the electronic
DOI resource near the copyright or at
the database landing page
 WEB DOCUMENT,
WEB PAGE OR REPORT
Basic Format

Author. (Date). Title of the document [PDF file]. Retrieved from

http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or doi:0000000/000000000000
or http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000

Example

Food and Agriculture Organization. (2007). Promises and challenges

of the informal food sector in developing countries [PDF file].
Retrieved from
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1124e/a1124e00.pdf
 ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

Try to use different resources and

make entries using the styles you
have learned.
Books
Periodicals
Webpage