Biomechanics

JOINTS
Presented by Imran Ahmad
 2.4 Joints
Joints are the place where two bones meet. All
of the bones, except for one (the hyoid bone
in your neck), form a joint with another bone.
For different types of movement we need
different types of joints
 Classification

Based on Based on
Mobility Structure
 Based on Mobility

Diarthrosis Amphiathrosis Synorthrosis

(High Mobility) (Medium Mobility) (No mobility)

Almost all synovial

joints
 Joint Types
Fibrous tissue
Fibrous Joint bridges the
joints

Based on Cartilage
Cartilaginous bridges the
Structure Joint joint

Synovial No tissue
between joint
Joint
 2.4.1 Synovial Joint
• It consist of the bone ends, covered by
articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage),
separated by a joint cavity (synovial joint)
bounded outward by a synovial membrane,
and completely surrounded by joint capsule.
All structures inside the capsule are considered as intra-articualr.
Fibro cartilage
discs serve to
distribute load
and protect the
articulate cartilage
 Hyaline Cartilage
• Relatively acellular and has a matrix of
collagen fibers imbedded in a gel-like
substance of proteoglycans and water.
Human Bone system
Joint Movements
 2.4.2 Joint Lubrication
• Lubrication may be defined as any means
capable of controlling friction and wear of
interacting surfaces
 Types of Lubrication
• Articular surfaces are highly lubricated
• Several theories have been proposed to
describe the type of lubrication.
1. Boundary Lubrication
2. Fluid Film (or Squeez film)
 1. Boundary lubrication (also called
boundary film lubrication)
• The lubricant reacts physically or chemically
with the articullar cartilage so that a layer is
formed, permitting the surfaces to move
without adhesion or abrasion
 2. Fluid film lubrication
• In fluid film lubrication, the fluid film is
generated by an external pressure, as in
hydrostatic lubrication, where fluid is thought
ot be physically pumped into gaps between
articulating services
 Fluid film lubrication
• The excellence of the lubrication system in this
tissue is reflected from the of the coefficient
of friction, where its value is 0.002 compared
with 0.03 for ice on ice lubricated by water
and 0.2 for steel on steel lubricated by oil
 3. Hydrostatic lubrication
• Where the fluid is through to be physically
pumped between articulating surfaces.
 4. Hydrodynamic lubrication
• During tangential joint motion (translation) a
wedge is created, causing a lifting pressure
(hydrodynamic Lubrication) that further
distributes the synovial fluid.
 Types of mechanism during walking
• Fluid film will be created during swing phase
• Fluid will squeeze out during stance phase.
• During prolonged standing, the fluid film
disappear leaving only the boundary lubricant
to protect the surface

Lubrication Mechanism for right knee

 2.4.3 Osteoarthritis
• With the age a gradual degeneration of of all
joints occurs, called Osteoarthritis (OA)

Types

Primary Secondary

No Obvious previous Previous detectable

abnormality cause
• Video Clip
 2.4.4 Intervertebral Disks
An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in
the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis ), to allow
slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.
Their role as shock absorbers in the spine is crucial.
Formed by two histologically, chemically and mechanically
distinct structures
1. Nucleus (an incompressible watery gel contained with in an
elastic wall)
2. Annulus (fibrous lamellae are arranged differently from
layer to layer.)
Fiber arrangement of the anulus is particularly
well adapted to withstand tensile load.
The disk is separated on both sides from vertebral bodies by
hyalin cartilage emdplates.
• Video Clip for Intervertebral disks
Inter-vertebral Disk