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m 

w (more about) understanding users


Ergonomics explains physical capabilities
well understood, and well established
Cognitive psychology attempts to explain mental
capabilities (less well understood)
M how humans observe the world
M how they store and process information
M how they solve problems
M how they learn and acquire skills
to provide insight into the way human users
interact with computer systems (in general) and
to provide guidance for designers
w Past week: visual perception,

M primary source of information for the majority of people


M a range of physical and perceptual limitations
M implications for visual design of interactive systems
w second only to sight as a source of information
w similar process to visual perception
M physical reception of stimulus, and interpretation
w as with vision, interpretation is based on context and
existing knowledge
w the auditory system enables us to
M identify and differentiate sounds (unless there are too
many!)
M distinguish location, direction and distance
M interpret from incomplete, distorted information
M hear without applying full concentration (whether we
want to or not!)
w we respond to sound more quickly than to visual
signals, so it is useful for alerting users
w audio output can be either
M speech: to convey information
g when user¶s attention is divided (e.g. flight control)
g when user cannot see the screen
M non-speech: to attract attention; to convey
status information; for confirmation ± sometimes
called µearcons¶ - audible icons
w full potential of auditory perception not yet fully
exploited within HCI?
’ouch (haptic perception)
M provides vital information, e.g. hot and cold, Braille,
and tactile feedback on actions performed
M influences speed and accuracy of movement, e.g.
lifting a full cup without spilling
’ouch and HCI
M need to take account of physical characteristics of
users (reaction time, movement time)
M ensure adequate tactile feedback is given

’aste
M provides information about what is safe to eat
ëmell (olfaction)
M provides information about chemicals in the air
’   can trigger emotional responses -
neither are used extensively in HCI (yet??) ...
½ VERY simple/simplistic
human information processing model

½ttention

Input Output
or PERCEPTION COGNITION or
stimuli response

Memory
w the means of controlling input from the senses
w determines which sensations are passed on for
cognitive processing
w prevents overload of sensory/mental processes
w different forms/levels of attention
M selective
M focussed
M divided
M sustained
three types of memory, or memory function
w long term (permanent) memory
w short term (temporary, working) memory
w sensory (input) memory
M temporary store for the input received by the
senses before it is interpreted
M very brief ± needs to be refreshed frequently, or
else overwritten
½ model of the relationship between memory functions
(and other sources)
eye ear
other
visual sensory memory sensory audial sensory memory
memory

visual processor audial processor


other processors

short term memory

cognitive processor

long term memory


w 
 of information ± learning, remembering
w

  of information
M recall - reproduction from memory
M recognition - comparison with memory
w 
 

  are more likely to be successful if the
information is
* structured * familiar * concrete
and the process is free from
* anxiety * stress * overload * interruptions/ interference
w J
  , being unable to recall or recognise, can be
caused by
* physical factors * emotional factors
* disuse * inadequate storage

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