Descriptive Applied Quantitative Conceptual

vs. vs. vs. vs.

Analytical Fundamental Qualitative Empirical

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 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL
•Descriptive research includes surveys •In analytical research, on the
and fact-finding enquiries of different other hand, the researcher has to use
kinds. facts or information already available,
•The major purpose of descriptive and analyze these to make a critical
research is description of the state of evaluation of the material.
affairs as it exists at present.
•The main characteristic of this method is •Analytical research attempts to explain
that the researcher has no control over why and how. It usually concerns itself
the variables; he can only report what with cause–effect relationships among
has happened or what is happening. variables.
•Example 1: Examining the fluctuations of
U. S. international trade balance during •Example1:Explaining why and how U.S.
1974-1995. trade balance move in a particular way
• 2.Starting from late 1986, the value of U.S. over time.
dollar value has steadily increased against the
Japanese yen and German Mark. Examining •2. While explaining how and why this
the magnitude of this trend in the value of surge in the value of U.S. dollar is going
U.S. dollar is another example of descriptive to affect the U.S. Is analytical research.
research;

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 APPLIED FUNDAMENTAL
•Applied research aims at finding a •Fundamental research is mainly
solution for an immediate problem concerned with. generalisations and
facing a society or an with the formulation of a theory
industrial/business organisation.

•The central aim of applied research is •Basic research is directed towards

to discover a solution for some finding information that has a broad
pressing practical problem. base of applications and thus, adds to
the already existing organized body of
•Examples: Research aimed at certain scientific knowledge.
conclusions (say, a solution) facing a
concrete social or business. Research •Examples: Research concerning some
to identify social, economic or political natural phenomenon, human
trends that may affect a behaviour carried on with a view to
particular institution or marketing make generalisations about human
research or evaluation research behaviour
are examples of applied
research.

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 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
•Qualitative research is concerned with
qualitative phenomenon, i.e.,
phenomena relating to or
involving quality or kind.
•Qualitative research is specially
important in the behavioural sciences
where the aim is to discover the
underlying motives of human behaviour.
•This type of research aims at discovering
the underlying motives and desires,
using in depth interviews for the
purpose.
•For instance, when we are interested in
Investigating the reasons for human
behaviour, we quite often talk of
‘Motivation Research’
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QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Quantitative research is based on the
measurement of quantity or amount.
• It is applicable to phenomena that can
be expressed in terms of quantity.
• It usually involves collecting and
converting data into numerical form so
that statistical calculations can be made
and conclusions drawn.
• Example- Total sales of soap industry in
terms of rupees cores and or quantity
in terms of lakhs tones for particular
year, say 2008,could be researched,
compared with past 5 years and then
projection for 2009 could be
f mResaeadrceh .( 6
CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
1. Research related to some abstract idea
or theory generally used by philosophers
and thinkers to develop new concepts or
to reinterpret existing ones.
2. The researcher breaks down a theorem
or concept into its constituent parts to
gain a better & deeper understanding of
the issue concerning the theorem.
Conceptual research is a useful method
but should be used in conjunction with
other methods to produce better &
understandable results.
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1. Research done on experience or
observation alone, without due regard
for system and theory. It is also called
Experimental research as the conclusions
can be verified by observation or
experiment.
2. The researcher provides himself with a
working hypothesis to get the probable
results. Facts are found to prove or
disprove the hypothesis after which
experimental designs are made to bring
forth the desired information.
f Research ( 7
 Lack of a

scientific
Overlapping training
Insufficient
of research
studies interaction

lack of a Question of
code of Confidential
conduct for ity

researcher
s
Lack of Untimely
secretaria availability
l of data
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 Lack of a scientific training
• There is paucity of competent researchers
• Many researchers take a leap in the dark without
knowing research methods
Consequences:
• Most of the work, which goes in the name of
research is not methodologically sound.
• The research results, quite often, do not reflect the
reality or realities.
Solution:
• Efforts should be made to provide short-duration
intensive courses to make researchers well equipped
with all the methodological
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aspects.
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 Insufficient interaction
• A great deal of primary data of non-confidential nature
remain untouched/untreated by the researchers for
want of proper contacts.
Solution:
• Efforts should be made to develop satisfactory liaison
among all concerned for better and realistic researches.
• Industry interaction programme

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 Question of Confidentiality
• Most of the business units in our country do not
have the confidence that the material supplied by
them to researchers will not be misused.
Consequences:
• Reluctance in supplying the needed information to
researchers.
Solution:
• Generate the confidence that the Information will be
confidential.

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 Overlapping of research studies

• Research studies overlapping one another are

undertaken quite often for want of adequate
information.
Consequences:
• Duplication
Solution:
• Proper compilation and revision, at regular
intervals

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 Lack of a code of conduct for researchers

• There does not exist a code of conduct for

researchers and inter-university and inter-
departmental rivalries are also quite common.
Solution:
• Develop a code of conduct for researchers

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 Lack of secretarial assistance
• Many researchers in our country also face the
difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance , including computerized assistance.
Consequences:
• Delay in the completion of research studies.
Solution:
• University Grants Commission must play a dynamic
role in providing secretarial assistance.

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 Untimely available of data
• There is also the difficulty of timely availability of published
data from various government and other agencies.
• published data vary quite significantly because of differences
in coverage by the concerning agencies.
Consequences:
• The time and energy of researchers are spent in tracing out
the books, journals, reports, etc.,
Solution:
• Efforts should be made for the regular and speedy supply of
all governmental publications to reach our libraries.

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 PRESENTED BY
GROUP NO: 7
Utkarsh Garg - 121
Sangam Lalsivaraju- 138
Sugandha Arora 140
Dhruv Mahajan -141
Nitish Dubey -177

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