MOMENTUM TRASNFER

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
Q. What are Transport Phenomena ?
Ans. A combination of three closely related topics
Fluid Dynamics Momentum Transfer/Transport
Heat Transfer Energy Transfer/Transport
Mass Transfer Chemical Species Mass Transfer/Transport

Q. Why these transfer processes be studied together ?

1. They very frequently occur simultaneously in nature
2. The basic equations describing these transfer processes are very
closely related
3. The close similarity of these equations .
4. Mathematics required for the three transfer processes equations
is very similar
5. The basic molecular mechanism of the three transfer processes is
very similar. The same molecules transfer momentum, energy
and mass, through viscosity, thermal conductivity and diffusivity
 INTRODUCTION, contd. - 2
THREE LEVELS OF STUDY OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
1. Macroscopic Level
2. Microscopic Level
3. Molecular Level

Integral Analysis Macroscopic Level

No attempt to understand the

A Macroscopic Balance of
1. Mass
2. Momentum
3. Energy
Due to various inputs & outputs
from our control volume
details of what is going on
within the control volume
Mainly used for the global
assessment of the problem
 INTRODUCTION, contd. - 3
Differential Analysis Microscopic Level

A Microscopic Balance of
1. Mass An attempt to understand the
2. Momentum details of what is going on
3. Energy within the control volume
Due to various inputs & outputs
from our control volume
Mainly used to get information of
1. Velocity profiles
2. Temperature profiles
3. Concentration profiles

To understand the process and optimize it

 INTRODUCTION, contd. - 4
Molecular Level

To seek the fundamental understanding of the process of

1. Mass transfer
2. Momentum transfer
3. Energy transfer
In terms of molecular structure & intermolecular forces

A job primarily for

1. Theoretical Physicists
2. Physical Chemist
Some times Engineers/applied scientists do get involved in cases of
1. Complex molecules
2. Extreme temperatures/pressures
3. Chemical Reacting Flows
 INTRODUCTION, contd. - 5
Each of these levels involve typical length scales

Macroscopic Level Order of cm or m

Microscopic Level Micron to cm range
Molecular Level 1 to 1000 nanometers

Requirements For Good Understanding Of This Subject

MATHEMATICS, Differential Equations, Vectors, Calculus

Physical Interpretation of key mathematical results

Get into the habit of relating physical ideas to equations
Comparison of intuition and results obtained
Understanding of dimensional analysis
 VISCOSITY, MOMENTUM TRANSFER
MECHANISM
CONCEPT OF VISCOSITY

 Friction is felt only when you move either slower or faster than the
other passengers.
 The extent of friction depends on the type of clothes they are
wearing.
 It is this type of clothes that gives rise to the concept of viscosity.
 Viscosity and Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Example of two parallel plates

• Top layer stationary,

• Bottom layer moves with constant velocity V
• A fluid is filled between the plates
• No slip condition between fluid and plates at both the plate surfaces

Shear force acting on the second

molecular layer of fluid is due to
the difference in the velocities of
the two adjacent layers
 Viscosity and Newton’s Law of Viscosity,
contd. -2
Fluid initially
y
Y t<
at rest Common sense suggests the following.
x
0 1. A constant force F is required to
t=0
Lower plate set maintain the motion of lower plate
y in motion 2. This force is directly proportional to
x V 1. Area of plates
Velocity buildup
y
vx(y, t) small t
in unsteady flow
2. Velocity of lower plate
x V 3. This force is inversely proportional
Final velocity
vx(y) to
large t distribution in
y
steady flow 1. Distance between the plates
x V
Mathematical Interpretation Of Common Sense
F V F V
  
A Y A Y

V/Y is the gradient or slope

The force applied, F is the shear force V dv
 x
Y dy
 Viscosity and Newton’s Law of
Viscosity, contd. -3
The shear stress exerted in the x-direction on a
fluid surface of constant y by the fluid in the
region of lesser y is designated as

Shear Stress
fluid surface of constant y, Shear
force on unit area perpendicular to
the y-direction
The shear stress is moving in the
direction of y because the bottom
layer of fluid exerts a shear stress pressure gradient or a gravity
on the next layer which then
exerts
a shear stress on subsequent
layer
τ yx
x-direction
Shear stress is induced by the
motion of the plate. Shear
stress can be induced by a
force.
Pressure force is a force acting
on a surface while the gravity
force is the force acting on a
 Viscosity and Newton’s Law of
Viscosity, contd. -4
The shear stress is a function of
1. Velocity gradient
2. Properties of the fluid

If this functional dependence is linear: dvx

 yx  
fluids are called Newtonian Fluids dy

Where, vx = fluid velocity in the x-direction

μ = fluid viscosity, a property of the fluid, not the physical system
The viscosity of Newtonian fluids is constant

Behaviour Of Gases At Moderate Pressures

Viscosity Is Independent Of Pressure Increases With Temperature

The temperature dependence is between T0.6 and T. Some theories are available.
 Viscosity and Newton’s Law of
Viscosity, contd. -5
Behaviour Of Liquids

Viscosity Is Independent Of Pressure Decreases With Temperature

Units of viscosity is g/cm/sec (poise) or Pa-s.

Magnitudes:

Air @ 20C 0.00018 g/cm/sec

Liquid water @ 20 C 0.001 Pa-s, 0.01 g/cm/s
 Non-Newtonian Fluids

For non-Newtonian fluids

• The functional dependence between the shear stress and the
velocity gradient is more complex.
• We can write in the most general format:

non-Newtonian

Newtonian
 yx
 dvx 
f  yx , , fluid properties   0
 dy  non-Newtonian

 dvx dy
 Non-Newtonian Fluids, contd. -2
Mathematically one can write for Non-Newtonian Fluids in the form

dvx
 yx  
dy

Where,
η = Apparent Fluid Viscosity, a function of either τyx / dvx/dy / both

Effects of η

1. Thus apparent fluid viscosity is dependent on the current state of

fluid
2. If apparent viscosity decreases with increasing rate of shear (-dvx/dy)
1. The behaviour is termed pseudoplastic
3. If apparent viscosity increases with increasing rate of shear (-dvx/dy)
1. The behaviour is termed dilatant
 Non-Newtonian Fluids, contd. -3
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids

Bingham model: applicable for fine suspensions and pastes Bingham

Ostwald-de Waele model: e.g. used for CMC in water Ostwald

Eyring model: derived from the Eyring kinetic theory Eyring

Ellis model: CMC in water Ellis

Reiner-Philippoff model Reiner

 Non-Newtonian Fluids, contd. -4
Graphical representation of two-parameter model

Things To Remember

These models are empirical, that is

the parameters of the models are
obtained by curve fitting

The parameters are function of T,

P and composition

These model equations should not

be used outside their range of
validity.
Prediction of Viscosity of Gases and
Liquids
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids - 1
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids - 2
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids - 3
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids – 4
Models of Non-Newtonian fluids – 5