Solution concentration

Solubility

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 What are solutions?
 This is at least two-component system of
a solvent (a component with higher
concentration) and a solute (a component
with lower concentration)
 They can be solid, liquid and gaseous
 Air is a solution of oxygen, CO2 and
some other gases in nitrogen
 Drinking water is a solution of salts,
gases, etc. in the pure H2O
 Steel is a solution of carbon and some
other doping agents in the pure iron…

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 Solutions structure
 Solid: can be ordered and
disordered

 Liquid and gaseous are always

disordered

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 Solutions in medicine…
 Used extremely wide
 Almost all medicines are solutions
 Correct mixing and using of various
medical solutions is a vital issue in
any treatment

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 Solutions concentration
 Concentration is usually the most
important parameter of any solution
 There are many different ways that
can be used to represent the
solutions concentration…

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 Mass fraction and mass percent
 Calculated as a relation between
mass of the solute and mass of
the whole solution (mass fraction,
0-1)…
 If multiplied by 100 % -> mass
percent (0-100)
m solute m solute
 
m solution m solute  m solvent
msolute
 * 100%
m solution
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 Mass fraction and mass percent
 A 3,5 % aqueous solution of glucose
contains 96,5 g of water and 3,5 g
of glucose in each 100 g of the
solution…
 A 1:2 solution of glycerin consists of
33,3 g of glycerin (1/3) and 66,6 g
of water (2/3) in each 100 g of the
solution

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 Training calculation for mass conc
 How much KCl and H2O should be mixed
to get 333 g of a 7.9 % solution?
 333 g is 100 % then 7.9 % out of 333 g
will be 333*7.9/100 = 26.3 g.
 Therefore, we need 26.3 g of the solute
and 333-26.3 =306.7 g (or ml) of water…
 Remember that 1 g is not always 1 ml!

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Training calculation for mass conc
 How much KCl and water should be mixed
to get 740 g of the solution with 3:5 mass
ratio?
 The entire solution makes 3+5=8 parts
while the solute takes 3 out of 8 parts.
 If 740 g corresponds to 8 parts then 3
parts will be 740*3/8 = 277.5 g
 So, we need 277.5 g of KCl and 740-
277.5 = 462.5 g (ml) of water
 Remember that 1 g isn’t always equal
to 1 ml!

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 Volume fraction and volume percent
 Similar to the previous but
takes volumetric ratios Vsolute
 (vol ,%)  *100%
instead of the mass Vsolution
 Vodka is a 40 % (volume!)
solution of ethanol in water.
Therefore, 1 liter of vodka = Vsolute
 (vol ) 
400 ml of ethanol and 600 Vsolution
ml of water…
 Important! 400 ml of
ethanol doesn’t mean 400 g!

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Some pharmaceutical forms and their
concentrations…

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 Calculation examples…
 How many grams of pure hydrogen
peroxide are in 40 g of its 3.5 wt %
solution?
 Take 40 g as 100 % then 3.5 % makes
40*3.5/100 = 1.4 g
 How much NaCl is required to make 350 g
of the 0.9 % isotonic solution?
 Take 350 g as 100 % then 0.9 % makes
350*0.9/100 = 3.15 g (and the rest of
350-3.15=346.85 g will be water).
Important! The volume will be not 350 ml!
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 Molarity (molar concentration)
 Calculated as amount of moles of a
solute in 1 liter of a solution (not
solvent!)
 solute msolute
Cmolar  
Vsolution M soluteVsolution
 Important! Mass of a solute must
be in grams and volume of a
solution – in liters

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 Molarity calculation training
 How much NaCl and water should be
taken to make 330 ml of the 0.56
molar solution
 Molar mass of NaCl = 23+35.5=58.5
 Cm=m/(M*V)–>0.56=m/(58.5*0.33)
 m = 0.56*58.5*.33=10.8 g needed

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Molality (molal concentration)
 Calculated as amount of moles of a
solute per 1 kg of a solvent (not
solution!)
 solute msolute
Cmolal  
msolvent M solute msolvent

 Important! Mass of a solute must

be in grams, solvent – in kg!

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 Normality (molar-equivalent
concentration)
 Calculated as amount of mole-
equivalents of a solute in 1 liter of a
solution (not solvent!)

 (eq) solute msolute

Ceq  
Vsolution M (eq) solute Vsolution
 Important! Depending on the relation
between the molar and molar-equivalent
masses, normality can be either equal to
molarity or 2,3,4,… times (only integer!)
higher
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 Remember how to calculate the
equivalent mass…

 Metal/non-metal: Mr(eq) = Mr/valence

(or ion charge)
 Mr(eq)(Fe2+) = 56/2= 28 g/eq
 Mr(eq)(Fe3+) = 56/3= 18.7 g/eq
 Mr(eq)(S2-) = 32/2= 16 g/eq
 Acid/base: Mr(eq) = Mr/basicity (or
acidity)
 Mr(eq)(H2SO4) = 98/2 =49 g/eq
 Mr(eq)(NaOH) = 40/1 =40 g/eq

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 Remember how to calculate the
equivalent mass…
 Salt: Mr(eq) = Mr/(amount of Me
ions*valence)
 Mr(eq)(Fe2(SO4)3) = 400/(2*3)= 66.7
g/eq
 Mr(eq)(K2CO3) = 138/(2*1)= 69 g/eq
 Oxidizer/reducer = Mr/amount of
electrons to be exchanged
 Mr(eq)(KMnO4 -> Mn2+; Oxidation level of
Mn changes from +7 to +2 i.e. accepting
5 electrons) = 158/5 = 31.6 g/eq

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 Rarer concentrations:
 Per mille (“Parts per mille” = parts
per thousand, ‰) = amount of the
solute’s mass units (grams; mg) in
one thousand of same mass units of
the solution (0.2 per mille = 0.2 g of
the solute in 1000g of the solution)

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Rarer concentrations
 Ppm (parts per million) = amount
of the solute’s mass units (grams;
mg) in one million of same mass
units of the solution (0.5 ppm = 0.5
mg of the solute in 1 000 000 mg of
the solution)
 Important! Per mille and ppm are
different! Avoid confusing!

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Per mille and ppm:
 Concentration of alcohol in the patient’s
blood was 1.2 per mille => 1.2 g of pure
spirit in 1000 g of the blood …
 It is needful to reach an antibiotic’s
concentration in blood of 12.5 ppm to
ensure the expected therapeutic effect
=> 1 million mg of blood should contain
12.5 mg of medicine (or 1 million mg =
1000 g of blood). Required content: 12.5
mg of the medicine per 1 kg of blood…

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 Titre
 Amount of solute (gr) present in 1
ml of solution
 Titre = 0.01765 means that 1 ml of
the solution contains 0.01765 g of
the solute. 1 liter contains 17.65 g…

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 How to transform one concentration
units into other

 The only ‘universal’ rule to follow:

Separate a solute from a solvent and
recalculate…
 Example: find molarity of the 3.5 %
solution of NaCl (density = 1.03 g/ml)
 Solution: The weight of 100 ml of the
solution is 100*1.03 = 103 g and it
contains 103*3.5/100 = 3.6 g of NaCl.
 Answer: molarity=0.62 mole/liter
msolute 3.6
Cmolar    0.62
M soluteVsolution 58.5 * 0.1 23
Measuring solubility…
 Some compounds are endlessly soluble (can
form the continuous series of solutions ranged
from 0 to 100 %)…
 Example: spirit and water
 The majority of compounds can form solutions
only up to some concentration value…
 Example: NaCl and water; sugar and water
 Solubility is the highest concentration possible
for the given solute and solvent under given
conditions (temperature, pressure)
 Units can be different g/L, g/100 mL, g/g,…

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 Solubility…
 Unsaturated solution =
concentration below
solubility limit
 Saturated solution =
concentration reaches
solubility limit
 Oversaturated solution
(usually unstable) =
concentration exceeds
solubility limit

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Parameters influencing solubility
- Increase in temperature usually results in
better solubility (except gases in liquids, their
solubility decreases with increase in temperature)
- Decrease in temperature can transform
unsaturated solution into saturated, then
oversaturated (fog formation)
- Stirring doesn’t influence the solubility but
promotes faster reaching the equilibrium of
dissolution

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Parameters influencing solubility
- Pressure influences solubility
of gases. Higher pressure –
higher solubility (opening the
carbonated water bottle)
- Important in medicine – the
“deep scuba diving sickness”
or aeroembolism

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 Deep diving sickness…
 In fact – formation of
numerous nitrogen
bubbles causing
embolism of the blood
vessels

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 Next topic
 Electrolytes, electrolytic
dissociation, pH, acid/base
equilibrium, hydrolysis

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