Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
L L L M M M
L L L M M M
Input Output
G G G D D D
G G G D D D
Group Technology (con’d)
Convert Job Shop Layout to Group
Technology Layout (Cellular Manufacturing)
Classification and Coding Scheme
Assign a code number to each part (products)
Assign products with similar codes to a family
Production Flow Analysis
Form product families based on manufacturing
similarities
Group Technology (con’d)
A set of machines dedicated to processing one or more
family
Arrange machines in a narrow U
Workers rotate among several machines
Group Technology (con’d)
Advantages
Reduce cycle time
Move time
Queue time
Set up time
Adjust the output rate by increasing or
decreasing the number of workers in a cell
Facilitate job training
Promote job satisfaction
Jidoka: Quality at the Source
Stop everything when something goes
wrong
Instead of using QC staff, each worker
becomes his or her own inspector
Avoid batch processing: give each person
only on part to work on at a time
Autonomation: automatic control of defect
Foolproof systems
Visual control (call light, Andon, and stop watch)
Just-in-Time Production
What is JIT? – provide
Necessary products (services)
Necessary quantities
Necessary time
Kanban Flow
Kanban Rule: No Kanban card, no production
or movement of material
Can accommodate 10%-20% of changes in
planned production
Can easily extend to suppliers (supplier
Kanban)
Uniform Plant Loading
Kanban system cannot function smoothly if
parts withdrawal is irregular
How to ensure smooth production
Mixed model assembly line: an assembly produces small
quantities of several products at the same time.
Avoid the reaction wave in response to schedule variation
Freeze monthly production rate
Produce the same mix of products every day
Determine the sequence for “introducing” products to
the same assembly line (Goal Chasing Algorithm)
Uniform Plant Loading (con’d)
Models Monthly Daily demand Cycle Time Production
Demand Cycle
A 8,000 400 4
B 6,000 300 (480 min * 3
2 shifts) /
C 4,000 200 1000 2
D 2,000 100 = 0.96 1
min/unit
Total 20,000 1,000 10
Units
Ideal parts consumption
Production sequence
Minimize Setup Times
Attanept to achieve a single-digit setup (less than one
minute)
Relationship between setup time and inventory level
Example: Hood and Fender press comparison (800-ton
press)
Toyota USA Sweden Germany
Setups/day 3 1 - ½
Company hierarchy
Decisions are made at the lowest Recommen-
possible level and involved all potentially dations
interested parties
A very slow decision making process
Problems +
(quick implementation) solutions
Subcontractor Networks
The bulk of the subcontractors have fewer
than 30 employees
More than 90% of all Japanese companies are
part of am enormous subcontractor network
Sole-source arrangement
Mutual trust
No inspection, no paperwork, no delay
Help vendors improve their manufacturing system
Provide financial help
Quality Circles
The OC circles at Toyota mirror its formal organizational
structure
A QC circle is made of a foreman and his subordinates
All employees must participate in some circles
Discuss problems encountered and devise solutions to
their management
Education & training
Problems solving and presentation skills
Advisor and trainer courses
Inspection tours to U.S. and Europe
Quality Circles (con’d)
Reward Systems
Topic Recommendation awards the individual topic registered
by a circle
Effort Prize (momentary rewards): when a topic is completed
Advisor Prize: 1/3 of the Topics Recommendations
Coordinator Prize: 1/3 of the Advisor Prize
Gold and Silver Prize (at the plant level)
QC circle-Toyota Prize
All-Japan QC Circles Contest
Quality Circles (con’d)
Nissan spent $30,000+ to train each
assembly worker (Smyrna, Tennessee)
before they started on the job
Effects
Toyota: 5 million suggestions a year (500/employee)
Cannon: 900,000 suggestions, 78 suggestions per
employees
Matsushita: 6.5 million suggestions a year
Principles of Continuous
Improvement
Create a mind-set for improvement
Try and try again
Think; Don’t buy improvement
Work in teams
Recognize improvement knows no limits