PMRTS: Presentation by

PMRTS
Presentation
By
A K Singh
ADG(IM&Estt)
NTIPRIT, Ghaziabad
Objectives
What is PMRTS
Need of PMRTS
Trunked radio System
Comparison between mobile and PMRTS
Features
Different types of PMRTS
TETRA
Tuesday, May 12, 2020 NTIPRIT, Ghaziabad 2

Public Mobile Radio Trunking
Service
 The communication services have been recognized
the world-over as an important tool for socio-
economic development for a nation and hence various
means of communication infrastructure – landline,
mobile phones or the PMRTS, are treated as a crucial
factors to realize the socio-economic objectives.
 Public Mobile Radio Trunking Service (PMRTS) is
an easy to use two-way radio communication, mainly
used for command and control and group talking
while on the move.

 Mainly this application is useful in the areas of:
 Services - Courier, Ambulance, Taxi services,
Transportation,
 Tourism - Hotel chains, Tourist operation,
 Business - Large industrial establishment,
Construction companies.
 Government - Disaster relief, Traffic control
 Security - Police, Security Agencies, Fire brigades.

Features
 Single touch call initiation / instantaneous access
 Cost effective mobile communication among members of the user group
 Coverage of 60 kilometers
 Two way voice communication
 Group Talking feature
 Message broadcasting
 Wide choice of radios - Hand held, Vehicle mounted, Fixed radios.
 Pilfer proof hand sets
 Secured communication
 Dynamic regrouping.
 Flexible tariff.
 Detailed billing

The Public Mobile Radio Trunking Service Providers
(PMRTSP) are permitted to provide mobile radio
trunking services within their service area of operation.
The PMRTSP are granted license, on a non-exclusive
basis, for each service area of operation for an initial
period of twenty years and will be extended by
additional periods of ten years thereafter. For this
purpose, the service areas would be categorized as per
the existing structure. The PMRTSP are eligible to
obtain licences for any number of service areas.

key parameters for making a
right choice of PMRTS operator
 Coverage: Look for the number of live systems/base stations the operator has in place.
The location of the operator's base station is also important, since coverage depends a lot
on the location and height of the tower/mast.
 Operator's hold in the country: This will play a crucial role once PSTN interconnectivity
is allowed. User can get the facility of wide area roaming in cities where the operator has
its presence with telephone interconnect.
 Handset cost: Since the service charges are fairly consistent among all operators, the
subsidy being offered by the operator on the handset as the radios are not available in the
general market.
 Security: For organizations where security is the prime concern and who have a
requirement of more handsets, captive system is the way to go. If corporate have a small
requirement it would be ideal to hook on to the PMRTS systems operating in their
locations and go live right away.
 Requirement analysis: This has to be meticulous in terms of the area to be covered,
number of portable handsets and mobile units to be purchased, etc. The choice of
handset will depend on three parameters—features, requirement and cost. As for the
infrastructure equipment requirement, a private system can support 60 handsets per
channel on the digital front and 90 on the analog front.
Types of PMRTS
 FDMA- APCO25, tetrapol, EDACS

 TDMA- TETRA, DIMRS, IDRA, iDEN
 FHMA
 Open standards and proprietary technology

Types of trunked radio systems
 TETRA
 OpenSky System
 APCO Project 16
 APCO Project 25
 SmarTrunk
 TETRAPOL
 dPMR Mode 3
 DMR Tier III
 NXDN
– Kenwood NEXEDGE Digital trunked radio
– Icom IDAS Digital trunked Land Mobile Radio
– MultiTrunk.NET, IDAS Digital trunked Land Mobil Radio
systems, dealer locations
Tuesday, May 12, 2020 NTIPRIT, Ghaziaba 9

Types of trunked radio systems
 Ericsson GE
– EDACS Provoice
– EDACS
– GE Mark V
 Hytera
– Hytera DMR Tier 3 Trunking Pro
– Hytera DMR Tier 3 Trunking Lite
– ACCESSNET-T IP TETRA trunking system
 Logic Trunked Radio
– LTR Standard
– LTR Passport
– LTR Standard and Passpot
– LTR MultiNet
– LTR-Net

 Motorola
– Type I
– Type II
– Type IIi Hybrid
– Type II SmartZone
– Type II SmartZone OmniLink
– iDEN (integrated Digital Enhanced Network)
– Motorola Capacity Plus
– Motorola Connect Plus
– Motorola Harmony (see iDEN)
 Tait
– TN9300 DMR Tier 3 system
– TN9400 P25 system
– TN1/2/3/5100 MPT1327 System
 MPT-1327

TETRA
A trunked radio system is a complex type of computer-controlled

two-way radio system that allows sharing of relatively few radio
frequency channels among a large group of users. Instead of assigning,
for example, a radio channel to one particular organization at a time,
users are instead assigned to a logical grouping, a "talkgroup". When
any user in that group wishes to converse with another user in the
talkgroup, a vacant radio channel is found automatically by the system
and the conversation takes place on that channel. Many unrelated
conversations can occur on a channel, making use of the otherwise idle
time between conversations. Each radio transceiver contains a
microcomputer to control it. A control channel coordinates all the
activity of the radios in the system. The control channel computer sends
packets of data to enable one talkgroup to talk together, regardless of
frequency.

The primary purpose of this type of system is
efficiency; many people can carry many conversations
over only a few distinct frequencies. Trunking is used
by many government entities to provide two-way
communication for fire department, police and other
municipal services, who all share spectrum allocated to
a city, county, or other entity.

Control channels
 In essence, a trunked radio system is a packet switching computer
network. Users' radios send data packets to a computer, operating on
a dedicated frequency — called a Control Channel — to request
communication on a specific talk-group. The controller sends a
digital signal to all radios monitoring that talkgroup, instructing the
radios to automatically switch to the frequency indicated by the
system to monitor the transmission. After the user is done speaking,
the users' radios return to monitoring the control channel for
additional transmissions.
 This arrangement allows multiple groups of users to share a small set
of actual radio frequencies without hearing each other's
conversations. Trunked systems primarily conserve limited radio
frequencies and also provide other advanced features to users.

Talkgroups
 A talkgroup is an assigned group on a trunked radio
system. Unlike a conventional radio which assigns
users a certain frequency, a trunk system takes a
number of frequencies allocated to the system. Then
the control channel coordinates the system so
talkgroups can share these frequencies seamlessly. The
purpose is to dramatically increase bandwidth. Many
radios today treat talkgroups as if they were
frequencies, since they behave like such. For example,
on a radio scanner it is very common to be able to
assign talkgroups into banks or lock them out, exactly
like that of conventional frequencies.
Fleet maps and IDs
 In some agencies, groups are assigned in a fleet map.

This was implemented to make it easier to assign
group ID numbers. For example, EMS would be on a
separate 'fleet' than police. In those fleets are
subfleets or the actual talkgroups. This system is not
as common as the typical trunking method, but they
do exist. In some communities the ID corresponds to
a location or agency. For example, it is common to
see a '1' or '2' in front of a police group and another
number in front of a fire group.

TETRA
TETRA is an open standard developed by the European

Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The
main purpose of the TETRA standard was to define a
series of open interfaces, as well as services and
facilities, in sufficient detail to enable independent
manufacturers to develop infrastructure and terminal
products that would fully interoperate with each other as
well as meet the needs of traditional PMR user
organizations.

There is no doubt that a proprietary technology solution
can be brought to market in less time than a solution
conforming to a recognised open standard. However,
large user organisations, especially those in the public
sector, have recognised that some proprietary solutions
can meet their needs but the 'tie in' to a single supplier
can have significant disadvantages.

Main advantages and benefits of adopting an open standard
are:
 Economies of scale provided by a large harmonised market served
by several independent manufacturers and suppliers competing for
the same business resulting in competitively priced solutions
 Second source security if existing suppliers exit the market
 Evolution (instead of revolution) of the technology standard
ensuring longevity and good return on investment for both users and
suppliers
 Choice of manufacturers for new products keeping prices down
 Greater choice of products for specialised applications
 Greater responsiveness to future needs by existing suppliers because
of competition
planned evolution of TETRA can be appreciated when
considering that traditional PMR user organisations will
always require private PMR networks because public
networks cannot adequately provide the required RF
coverage, Grade of Service (GoS) during busy periods
and high levels of reliability. Besides these basic needs,
public networks will not be able to provide the
specialised voice services such as wide area fast call-set
up all informed nets (group calls), Direct Mode
Operation (DMO) and high levels of secure encryption
for voice and data.
TETRA Standard Interfaces

Switching and Management Infrastructure (SwMI)
Air Interfaces (1 & 2)
Peripheral Equipment Interface (4)
Remote Dispatcher Interface (5)
PSTN/ISDN/PABX (6)
Inter-System Interface (7)
Network Management Interface (8)

services and facilities available on TETRA are also
standardised. The most significant of these being:
 Advanced and fast group call services - clear and
encrypted
 Individual calls - clear and encrypted
 Short Data Services - clear and encrypted
 Packet Data Services - clear and encrypted

V+D Services
 Voice Services
 Group Call (commonly called 'all informed net' and 'talk group call')
 Pre-Emptive Priority Call (Emergency Call)
 Call Retention
 Priority Call
 Dynamic Group Number Assignment (DGNA)
 Ambience Listening
 Call Authorised by Dispatcher
 Area Selection
 Late Entry
 Data Services
 Short Data Service
 Packet Data
Group Call
This is probably the most basic voice service in TETRA but yet the most
complex to support effectively and efficiently. This is because group calls
need to:
 Use simple "Push To Talk" operation to provide fast call set-up group
communications
 Be operated and managed in particular ways to optimise network loading
 Operate on a "preferred" site for optimum network loading
 Have a defined of operation (Area selection)
 Have a very reliable call-set up signalling protocol to ensure all users in a
group are connected together when a call is first initiated (call
acknowledgment signalling is impractical for group calls)
 Have priority mechanisms to ensure that specified users in a wide area
group call (spanning multiple base station sites) are connected together
when a network is busy
Pre-emptive Priority Call
This call service, of which the highest priority is the
emergency call, provides the highest uplink priority and
highest priority access to network resources. If a network
is busy, the lowest priority communication is dropped to
handle the emergency call. Unlike 911, 112 or 999
initiated public network emergency calls (which can also
be supported on TETRA) the TETRA emergency call can
be initiated by using a dedicated switch located on the
terminal. Activating the emergency call automatically
alerts the affiliated control room dispatcher and other
terminal users in that persons talk group.

Call Retention
This service protects selected radio terminal users from

being forced off the network as a result of pre-emptive
calls (emergency calls) during busy periods. When
emergency calls are supported in a network, it is
essential that only a small number of radio terminal
users are provided with this facility as the objective of
retaining important calls during busy periods could be
lost.

Priority Call
During network busy periods, that service allows access

to network resources in order of user terminals call
priority status. As there are 16 levels of priority in
TETRA, this service is very useful in providing
different Grade of Service (GoS) levels (and tariff
structures) during busy periods. For example, front line
officers would be provided with the highest priority
levels in a Public Safety network to maintain the highest
level of service access whilst routine users would be
provided with lower priority levels.

Busy Queuing
In TETRA a queue is provided in the trunking controller

during network busy periods to store and handle calls
on a First In First Out (FIFO) basis in order of user
priority level. The advantage is that a user only has to
initiate a call request once, knowing that even in busy
periods the call will be automatically established once a
traffic channel becomes free, thus reducing user stress
and frustration when contending with other users on a
busy network.

Dynamic Group Number
Assignment
This service allows the creation of unique Groups of users
to handle different communication needs and may also be
used to group participants in an ongoing call. This service
is considered by many public safety organisations to be
extremely useful in setting up a common talk group for
incident communications. For example, selected users
from the Police, Fire and Ambulance could be brought
together to manage a major emergency where close co-
ordination between the three emergency service are
required. Similarly, DGNA is also considered useful for
managing incidents by other user organisations such as
Utilities and Transportation.
Direct Mode Operation (DMO)
Direct Mode Operation (DMO) provides the ability for
TETRA radio terminals to communicate directly with
each independent of the TETRA network infrastructure.
DMO is not new and has been a facility mandated and
used by many traditional PMR user organisations for
several decades. The primary requirement for DMO has
been brought about by the need to balance the RF
Coverage, Grade of Service (GoS) and Reliability of a
network with that of the network's overall cost. The
requirement for DMO makes the use of public cellular
networks unsuitable.

Ambience Listening
A Dispatcher may place a radio terminal into Ambience Listening
mode without any indication being provided to the radio terminal
user. This remote controlled action allows the dispatcher to listen to
background noises and conversations within range of the radio
terminal's microphone. This is an important service to utilise for
those persons transporting important, valuable and/or sensitive
material that could be 'hijack' targets. Similarly, this is a useful
service to have implemented in public service vehicles where a
driver's health and safety could be at risk. The number of user
applications for the Ambience Listening service are numerous and in
many cases application specific. However, it is important to note that
many users feel that this service invades a person's privacy and for
this reason only those users who need Ambience Listening as part of
their work duties should be provided with this service.
Call Authorised by Dispatcher
This service allows dispatcher to verify call requests

before calls are allowed to proceed. This is a useful
service to utilise when radio user discipline needs to be
maintained. This service also reduces the amount of
radio traffic on a network as only essential work related
calls are permitted. However, the frequent need for all
informed net group communications between terminal
users and the time delay experienced in authorising calls
can make this service unacceptable for some user
organisations.

Area Selection
This service defines the areas of operation for users.

Areas can be chosen on a 'call by call' basis. This
service basically simulates the ability for a dispatcher to
select different base stations to make a call as was
possible in conventional networks. This service also
helps to improve network loading and overall spectrum
efficiency by restricting the area of operation for
selected all informed net group calls.

Late Entry
This service provides continuous call in progress updates
to allow latecomers to join a communication channel.
This is not a service but an air interface feature that
allows a trunked radio terminal to behave in a similar
way to conventional PMR terminals. For example, if a
user turns on their TETRA terminal the control channel
will automatically divert the user's terminal to a talk
group call, if a call is already in progress. Similarly, if
the user's terminal has been outside radio coverage, for
example in a tunnel, the control channel will also divert
the user's terminal to a talk group call assuming a call is
already in progress.
Voice Encryption
The TETRA standard supports a number of over the air

TETRA Encryption Algorithms (TEA's), the differences
being the types of users who are permitted to use them.
The main benefit of over the air encryption is that it can
be implemented as software within radio terminals and
base station equipment, instead of using encryption
modules, which consume space and increase cost. The
TETRA standard also supports 'end to end' encryption
using a variety of other encryption algorithms as
deemed necessary by national security organisations.

Data Services
 Short Data Service
The Short Data Service can provide up to 256 bytes of data, which can be
used for basic status messaging, location information such as that provided
by the TETRA Location Information Protocol (LIP) and free form text
message applications in either 'point to point' or 'point to multipoint' call set-
up configurations. Because of the relative short duration of each data
message, this service is supported on TETRA control channel TDMA time
slots.
 Packet Data Service
The packet data service can be supported on one TDMA time slot with a
gross protected bit rate of 4800 bits/s or multiple TDMA time slots up to a
maximum of four. The use of multiple TDMA time slots is often referred to
as bandwidth on demand and can be used to increase gross protected data
throughput up to 19.2 kbits/s, thus increasing the number of non-voice
applications that can be supported on TETRA.

Direct Mode Operation (DMO)
DMO is the term used by the TETRA industry to

describe the ability of TETRA radio terminals to
communicate directly with each other (like 'Walkie-
Talkies') independent of the Trunked Mode Operation
(TMO) network. DMO is not new and has been a
fundamental mode of operation by many traditional
PMR user organisations for several decades. The
primary requirement for DMO in TETRA has been
brought about by the need to balance the RF coverage,
Grade of Service (GoS) and reliability of a network with
that of the network's overall cost.
Typical DMO Applications
The typical applications for DMO are local area

communications outside the TMO network and range
extension of the TMO network. To improve
communication capabilities when using these
applications, facilities are provided to enable DMO
users to be contacted by TMO network users when
operating outside the network as well as facilities to
enhance local area DMO RF coverage performance.

Local Area DMO
Communications
Local area DMO communication is mainly used to
provide additional capacity outside the TMO network
for localised work activities, major incidents and/or
periodic events. To a lesser extent, local area DMO
communication is also used in poor TMO RF coverage
areas and/or when service from a local base station site
is lost. To provide this local area communication
capability, practically all TETRA terminals, whether
mobile or handportable terminals, are equipped with
both TMO and DMO facilities.

Local Area DMO Communications
Application

Local Area DMO Communications
Application
Figure shows a team of Electricity Utility workers repairing a
damaged overhead power cable, which is a typical application for
local area DMO communications. Because of the localised
nature of the work, there is no need to load the main TMO
network with localised voice traffic. For this reason, the team
has made the decision to operate in DMO. Another contributing
factor to this decision is that the team does not want to suffer
GoS access problems when the TMO network is busy. It could
also be possible that RF coverage from the local base station site
may not support handportable operation and therefore DMO
would be the only form of communication. For this type of local
communications application a RF coverage range performance of
approximately 250 metres is considered more than acceptable.
TMO network range extension
The most frequently used DMO application is to

provide TMO network range extension allowing
handportable communications in areas of a TETRA
network where only mobile radio coverage is supported.
To provide this TMO network range extension facility a
vehicle mounted TETRA mobile radio terminal
equipped with 'Gateway' operation is required to link a
handportable or or mobile radio terminals operating in
DMO with the TMO network. Figure 2 shows a typical
police application for TMO network range extension.


Figure shows that a police officer has stopped a goods vehicle on

a main highway running through the countryside where only
mobile communications are supported. In this example, the
police officer needs to verify the vehicle registration, driving
licence, and nature of goods carried. For this purpose it is more
efficient for the officer to use a handportable radio terminal for
communications with the police control centre than it is walking
backwards and forwards between the goods vehicle and his patrol
car. Also, having direct access to communications when away
from the patrol car is important for the officer's health and safety.
Again, for this type of local communications application, a RF
coverage range performance of approximately 250 metres is
considered more than acceptable.
TETRA Security
 The area of TETRA security is extensive, as it needs

to provide different levels of security ranging from
what is acceptable on commercial networks to what is
acceptable on a national public safety network. The
security mechanisms in the standard are covered
through Authentication, Air Interface Encryption
(AIE) and End to End encryption. The threats
to Confidentiality, Authenticity, Integrity, Availability
as well as Accountability are covered with those
three mechanisms.

Technology Benefits
The core technologies used in the TETRA standard, such as Digital,
Trunking and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) also provide a
number of inherent advantages and benefits as follows:
 Digital
Nowadays, practically everything electronic uses digital technology
and wireless communications are no exception. Even though
analogue FM PMR communications will remain a viable option for
several years, digital radio provides relative advantages and
disadvantages in the important performance areas of:
 Voice Quality
 RF Coverage
 Non-Voice Services
 Security
 Tuesday,
Cost May 12, 2020
NTIPRIT, Ghaziabad 47
Trunking
Because trunking systems support more radio users than
conventional systems, national administrations actively
support the deployment of trunking systems as this helps
reduce pressure on meeting PMR spectrum demands.
However, from a radio users operational point of view,
spectrum efficiency does not really mean anything. What
users want is to solve all the operational problems
associated with conventional PMR, yet still retain the
simplicity of conventional open channel 'all informed
net' operation. The fundamental element of trunking that
solves these conventional PMR problems is the use of a
control channel.
Conventional PMR problems solved by
Trunking

Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA)
A four time slot TDMA technology was adopted in
TETRA as it offered the optimum solution to balance the
cost of equipment with that of supporting the services and
facilities required by user organisations for a medium to
high capacity network providing single site local RF
coverage and/or multiple site wide area RF coverage.
Because of using TDMA technology, the cost and
equipment space at base station sites can be significantly
reduced compared with traditional FDMA technology
trunking solutions. Another advantage of TDMA
technology is that it enables new services and facilities to
be supported with minimum cost.
TDMA Advantages
 Higher Data Rates
The 'laws of physics' limits the maximum data rate in a given RF
channel bandwidth. Assuming the same modulation scheme, the
wider the channel bandwidth the higher the data rate. Because
TDMA uses wider channels than FDMA, the combined data rate on
a single RF carrier is greater.
 Improved Data Throughput in Poor RF Signal Conditions
The net data rate in TDMA is better than FDMA in poor RF
propagation conditions. This is because Automatic Repeat
Requests (ARQ's) are required when received data is corrupted as a
result of RF fading. As TDMA terminal devices effectively operate
in full duplex ARQ's can be sent efficiently after each time slot
transmission instead of waiting until the end of each voice
transmission, as is usually the case with FDMA.
TDMA Advantages
 Bandwidth on Demand
In TDMA any number of time slots up to the maximum
limit of the technology being employed can be combined
to increase data throughput as required for specific
applications.
 Concurrent Voice and Data
Because of the TDMA time slot structure it is possible to
assign one time slot to support voice and the next time
slot to support data in a two slot transmission from radio
terminals. This capability effectively allows a single
radio terminal to concurrently transmit or receive voice
and data at the same time.
TDMA Advantages
 Full duplex Voice Communications

TDMA technology inherently supports full duplex
communications. Although full duplex voice
communications can be supported on FDMA systems
the need for duplex operation requires RF screening
between the transmitter and receiver and also a
duplexer to allow single antenna working. Because
of this, duplex FDMA radio terminals are usually
bulkier and more costly to produce than TDMA
terminals, which do not need RF screening or antenna
duplexers.
CONVENTIONAL VS. TRUNKED
In general, radio systems can be separated into
conventional and trunked systems.
 A conventional system is characterized by
relatively simple geographically fixed infrastructure
(such as a repeater network) that serves to repeat
radio calls from one frequency to another.
 A trunked system is characterized by a controller in
the infrastructure which assigns calls to specific
channels.
 P25 supports both trunked and conventional radio
systems.


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PMRTS

Trunked radio System

Comparison between mobile and PMRTS

Different types of PMRTS

Tuesday, May 12, 2020 NTIPRIT, Ghaziabad 2

Tuesday, May 12, 2020 NTIPRIT, Ghaziabad 3

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 FDMA- APCO25, tetrapol, EDACS

 Open standards and proprietary technology

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A trunked radio system is a complex type of computer-controlled

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 In some agencies, groups are assigned in a fleet map.

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TETRA is an open standard developed by the European

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This service protects selected radio terminal users from

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During network busy periods, that service allows access

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In TETRA a queue is provided in the trunking controller

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This service allows dispatcher to verify call requests

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This service defines the areas of operation for users.

Tuesday, May 12, 2020 NTIPRIT, Ghaziabad 34

The TETRA standard supports a number of over the air

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DMO is the term used by the TETRA industry to

The typical applications for DMO are local area

Tuesday, May 12, 2020 NTIPRIT, Ghaziabad 39

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The most frequently used DMO application is to

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Figure shows that a police officer has stopped a goods vehicle on

 The area of TETRA security is extensive, as it needs

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 Full duplex Voice Communications

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