RO D U C TI O N

IN T
TO T H E
S O P H Y
PHILO
T H E H U M A N
OF
PERSON
 FIRST QUARTER
UNIT 1: NATURE OF PHILOSOPHY
UNIT 2: DOING PHILOSOPHY
UNIT 3: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
UNIT 4: THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN
EMBODIED SPIRIT
UNIT 5: THE HUMAN PERSON IN THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
SECOND QUARTER
UNIT 6: FREEDOM OF THE HUMAN PERSON
UNIT 7 INTERSUBJECTIVITY
UNIT 8: THE HUMAN PERSON IN SOCIETY
UNIT 9: HUMAN PERSONS AS ORIENTED
TOWARDS THEIR IMPENDING DEATH
 UN I T 1 :
N ATU R E O F
PHILO SO P H
Y
LESSON OBJECTIVE:

1.Describe Philosophy as a
Science
2. Identify and Discuss the
branches of Philosophy.
3. Enumerate and Discuss
some famous Philosophers
4. Compare Eastern and
Western Philosophy.
 PHILOSOPHY
-From the Greek word
phílosophía (philos and
sophia)“love for wisdom”.
-is the study of knowledge, or
"thinking about thinking“.
-the study of proper behavior,
and the search for wisdom.
-any personal belief about how
 TW O( 2 )
BRAN C H E S
OF
PHI LO S O P H
Y
1.Western Philosophy- developed a more
scientific, theory-based, and individualistic
approach in their studies.

2. Eastern Philosophy- consisted of schools

of thought closely tied to religion, and is
concerned with social relations, ethics, and
achieving a balanced life.
 S OM E
FA M OU S
P HI LO S O P
H E R S
-Socrates believed that philosophy
should achieve practical results for the
greater well-being of society. He
attempted to establish an ethical
system based on human reason rather
than theological doctrine. He pointed
out that human choice was motivated
by the desire for happiness. Ultimate
wisdom comes from knowing oneself.
The more a person knows, the greater
his or her ability to reason and make
choices that will bring true happiness.
Socrates believed that this translated
into politics with the best form of SOCRATES
government being neither a tyranny nor
a democracy. Instead, government
worked best when ruled by individuals
who had the greatest ability,
knowledge, and virtue and possessed a
complete understanding of themselves.
A student of Socrates, Plato’s
most significant ideas included
his Theory of Forms, which
proposes that everything that
exist is based on an idea or
template that can only be
perceived in the mind; these
nonphysical ideas are eternal and
unchanging. He also focused his
students on the ideal society and
proposed an ideal model of
government and society which is
ruled by wisdom and reason.
Founder of ACADEMY- institution
PLATO
of higher learning which was the
first of its kind in the West.
A prominent student of Plato.
Aristotle, however, disagreed
with Plato’s theory of forms
and took a different view in
interpreting reality.
For him, all ideas and views
are based on perception and
our reality is based on what
we can sense and perceive.
Aristotle was involved in
great variety of discipline
such as zoology, psychology, ARISTOTLE
ethics, and politics. He also
proposed a system for the
classification of plants and
animals.
A mathematician and
scientist, he was
credited with the
formulation of the
Pythagorean
theorem. His worked
earned him many
followers, and he
established a
community of
learners who were
devoted to the study
of religion and PYTHAGORA
philosophy. S
He devoted
himself to
studying the
cause s of
natural
phenomena, He
was among the
first to propose
that matter is
composed of tiny
particles called DEMOCRITUS
atoms.
He proposed that
everything that
exists is based on a
higher order or plan
which he called
logos. For him
Change is a
permanent aspect
of the human
condition and
credited with the HERACLITUS
saying, “NO MAN
EVER STEPS ON
WES TE R N
P H ILO SO P
HY
 Western Philosophy

-is primarily concerned with uncovering the

truth through systematic argumentation
and theory. They believe that there is
greater emphasis on the use of reason
rather than faith, and an increase focus on
man as an individual. developed a more
scientific, theory-based, and individualistic
approach in their studies.
The development of Western Philosophy is defined by the emergence of
various schools of thought in various periods in history.

HISTORICAL PERIOD SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES,

THOUGHT BELIEFS

Ancient Rome (1st

century BCE to 5th
STOICISM Emphasis on morality,
virtue, calm, and
century CE) emotional fortitude

Medieval Period (5th SCHOLASTICIS Application of philosophy

to 15th centuries) to define and explain
M religious doctrines

Renaissance (14th to Humanism Emphasis on the human

17th centuries) person; use of philosophy
to understand society,
nature, and humanity
HISTORICAL PERIOD SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES,
THOUGHT BELIEFS

The Enlightenment
(17th to 18th centuries)
RATIONALIS Reason and logic
considered the basic
M knowledge and belief.
Deductive (general to
specific)

Knowledge is gained
through the senses
and experience.
EMPIRICISM Inductive (specific to
general)

Discussions on the
Social and ideal human situation
Political and society; emphasis
on individual rights
Philosophy and liberties.
 HISTORICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT MAIN FEATURES,
PERIOD BELIEFS
Modern Period (19th Human experience is
to 20th centuries)
EXISTENTIALI define the views,
SM emotions and actions
of the individual
PRAGMATISM Emphasis on the practical
use of knowledge and
ideas

PHENOMENOLO Experience is studied

based on the subjective
GY viewpoint of the
individual

ABSURDISM Man will never

understand the human
condition and the
meaning of life

POSTMODERNIS Analysis on how

knowledge, ideas, and
M, POST- power relations are
STRUCTURALIS defined

M
EAST ER N
P H ILO SO P
HY
 Eastern Philosophy

-consist of school of thought which are

often closely tied with religious belief
Eastern Philosophies are often described as
“wisdom” literature, where stories, sayings
and texts encourage people to adopt an
ethical and harmonious way of life.
The development of Eastern Philosophy is defined by the emergence of
various schools of thought in various periods in history.

HISTORICAL PERIOD SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES,

THOUGHT BELIEFS

Ca. 2000 BCE

JUDAISM Belief in one God
(monotheism), who has a
(Israel, the role in the ultimate
destiny of mankind, the
Levant) Jewish people are God’s
chosen people
Ca. 1500 BCE HINDUISM Belief in a pantheon of
Gods, with three main
(India, South gods-Brahma, Shiva, and
Vishnu
Asia)
Ca. 600 BCE SHINTO An animistic religion
influenced by Japanese
(Japan) myth and traditions
HISTORICAL PERIOD SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES,
THOUGHT BELIEFS
Ca. 600-500 BCE
JAINISM(Indi Wisdom is developed
through the practice of
a) the five main vows:
ahimsa(non-violence),
satya (truth), asteya
(honesty), brahmacharya
(chastity), and
aparigraha (piety)
Ca. 400 BCE BUDDHISM Shares a number of
main beliefs with
(South Asia, Hinduism
East Asia,
Southeast
Asia)
CONFUCIANIS Human relationships are
based on mutual
M obligations; individuals
should perform their
intended roles and
contribute to social order
HISTORICAL PERIOD SCHOOL OF MAIN FEATURES,
THOUGHT BELIEFS

Ca. 200 BCE

TAOISM(East Emphasis on the unity
and harmony among
Asia) opposing elements;
individuals must seek to
understand and act in
accordance with the
natural order.

Ca. 610 CE ISLAM(West Belief in one God(Allah);

Divided into two major
Asia) branches: Sunni Islam
(Muhammad) and Shia
Islam(Imam).
Ca. 1440 CE SIKHISM God is believed to have
created the universe and
(India) is present everywhere
and in everything.
End of U ni t
1
 Qui z # 1
(1/4 y e l l o w
pa p e r )
 I. Match Column A to Column B

Column A Column B
1. Country where philosophy
A. Love
originated from
2. Believe in one God(Allah) and
B. Greece
they are divided into two major
branches.
C. Taoism
3. Wisdom is developed through
the practice of the five main
D. Jainism
vows.
4. Emphasis on the unity and
E. Islam
harmony among opposing
elements.
5. Philos means
 II. Identify which branch of philosophy is
referred to in the following: A-WESTERN B-
1. Hinduism EASTERN
2. Shinto
3. Pragmatism
4. Empiricism
5. Hinduism
6. Sikhism
7. Confucianism
8. Jainism
9. Absurdism
10.Stoicism
11.Humanism
12.Buddhism
13.Taoism
14.Existentialism
15.Scholasticism