Microelectronics

Circuit Analysis and Design

Donald A. Neamen

Chapter 9

Ideal Operational Amplifiers

and Op-Amp Circuits
In this chapter, we will:

• Develop the parameters and characteristics of the

ideal operational amplifier, and determine the
analysis method of ideal op-amp circuits.
• inverting operational amplifier
• summing operational amplifier
• noninverting operational amplifier
• Analyze several ideal op-amp circuits including the
difference amplifier and the instrumentation
amplifier.
• operational transconductance amplifier.
• Design several ideal op-amp circuits with given design
specifications.
What is operational amplifier?
• An operational amplifier (often op-amp or opamp) is a DC-coupled high-gain
electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended
output.
From signal point of view, the op-amp has two input terminals and one output
terminal. It also requires dc power, as do all transistor circuits. Also, most op-amps
are biased with both a positive and a negative voltage supply.
Ideal Parameters
• The ideal op-amp senses the difference between two input signals
and amplifies this difference to produce an output signal.
• Terminal voltage is the voltage at a terminal measured with respect
to ground.
• The input Resistance Ri between terminals 1
and terminal 2 is infinite, meaning that the
input current is zero.
• The output terminal acts as the output of
an ideal voltage source, meaning that the
small-signal resistance Ro is zero.
• The parameter A(od) is the open-loop differential voltage gain of the
op-amp.
• Terminal 1 is the inverting input terminal.
• Terminal 2 is the non-inverting input terminal.
• The output is out of phase with respect to terminal 1 voltage i.e. v1
and in phase with respect to terminal 2 voltage i.e. v2.
• Snice the ideal op-amp responds only to the difference between the
two input signals v1 and v2 and therefore, it maintains a zero output
signal for v1=v2.
• When v1 is not equal to v2, then input is called common-mode input
signal and for the ideal op-amp the common mode output signal is
zero and the characteristic is referred to as common-mode rejection.
Ideal Op-Amp Equivalent
Circuit
 Ideal Op-Amp
Characteristics
1. Internal differential gain Aod is infinite.
2. Differential input voltage (v2-v1) is zero.
3. Effective input resistance is infinite.
4. Output resistance is zero so output voltage is connected directly to
dependent voltage source.
5. The overall gain of op-amp is –Rf/R1.
Equivalent Circuit of Op-
Amp
Problem-Solving Technique:
Ideal Op-Amp Circuits
1. If noninverting terminal is grounded, then inverting
terminal is virtual ground.
a. Sum currents at node assuming no current enters Op
Amp.
2. If noninverting terminal is not grounded, then
inverting terminal voltage is equal to that of the
noninverting terminal.
a. Sum currents at node assuming no current enters Op
Amp.
3. Output voltage is determined from either Step 1 or
2.
Inverting Op-Amp