UNIT 1

MICROBIOLOGY
AND
MICROORGANISMS
 OBJECTIVES

1. List the classification of microorganisms.

2. Explain microorganisms as cells.
3. Explain cell chemistry and key structures.
4. List the classification of cells.
5. Explain the different types of cells.
6. Explain the different types of materials used in
biologics manufacturing.
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

• About cells and how they work, especially the bacteria,

• About how different kinds of microorganisms arose and
why,
• About what microorganisms do in the world at large, in
soils and waters, in the human body, and in animals and
plants.
 PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY

• Is the science of life;

• Has three major divisions:

1. zoology—the study of animals,

2. botany—the study of plants, and
3. microbiology—the study of microbes.
•Microorganisms existed on Earth for billions of years
before plants and animals appeared.
 PRINCIPLES OF MICROBIOLOGY

• Microorganisms differ from the cells of macroorganisms.

• Macroorganisms such as plants and animals are unable to
live alone in nature and exist only as parts of multicellular
structures.
• Microorganisms can carry out their life processes of
growth, energy generation, and reproduction
INDEPENDENTLY
PATHWAYS OF DISCOVERY IN
MICROBIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

• Microorganisms can be classified as

FUNGI
BACTERIA

MICROORGANISM
ALGAE
ALGAE
PROTOZOA

VIRUSES
BACTERIA
• Most abundant organisms on earth.
• Are single celled microorganisms.

• Live virtually everywhere, including on us.

• Can be described as resident or transient.

RESIDENT BACTERIA – STAY ON THE BODY

TRANSIENT BACTERIA - Only inhabit the body for a short
period of time: a few days or weeks.
BACTERIA
• Can reproduce very rapidly.

The bacteria, E. coli, for example, can reproduce

about every 17 minutes in optimal conditions.

This means that after one day, a single cell can

replicate into over two million cells in only about 6
hours.
 BACTERIA

• Will continue to replicate as long as the environment

allows.
• Very mobile.
• Some rely on the environment to transfer them from
place to place.
• Others, however have their own means of travel. For
example, Flagella are tail-like appendages that whip in
a circular motion and propel bacteria through liquids.
BINARY FISSION

• Bacterial reproduction
VIRUSES
• Are a major class of microorganisms,
• But they are not cells,

• Submicroscopic,

• Visible only with electron microscope,

• Not living things,

• Use living cells to replicate,

• Cause many different diseases.

FUNGI

• Are eukaryotic microorganisms,

• More complex than bacteria, which are prokaryotes.
• Are extremely diverse, with over 70,000 known
species.
 MICROORGANISMS AS CELLS
• Cell is the fundamental unit of life,
• A single cell is an entity, isolated from other cells by a
membrane,
• Contain a cell wall outside the membrane.

• Also contains a variety of chemicals and subcellular

structures
 CELL MEMBRANE
• A compartment or “container” that is necessary to
maintain the correct proportions of internal constituents
in the cell and to protect it against outside forces.
 CELL MEMBRANE
• Is semipermeable,
• Thus the cell is an OPEN, DYNAMIC structure.
CELL CHEMISTRY
• Cells are highly organized structures
• Consist of FOUR chemical components:
1. proteins,
2. nucleic acids,
3. lipids, and
4. polysaccharides.

• Known as MACROMOLECULES
CELL KEY STRUCTURES

a. Cytoplasmic membrane
b. Cytoplasm
c. Nucleus or nucleoid
d. Ribosomes
e. Cell wall
CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
• Also called the cell membrane)

• Is the barrier that separates the inside of the cell from

the outside environment.
CYTOPLASM

• A fluid

• Inside the cell membrane are various structures and chemicals

suspended or dissolved in it.
NUCLEUS OR NUCLEOID

• The “machinery” for cell growth and function in the

cytoplasm.

• Where the cells’ DNA (the genome) is stored.

RIBOSOMES

• Structures consisting of protein and RNA upon which

new proteins are made in the cell.
 CELL WALL
• Confers structural strength on the cell and prevents it from
osmotic bursting;
• Relatively permeable and located outside the membrane;
• A much stronger layer than the membrane itself.
• Plant cells and most microorganisms have cell walls,
whereas animal cells, with rare exceptions, do not.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS

a. Compartmentalization and Metabolism

b. Reproduction (Growth)
c. Differentiation
d. Communication
e. Movement
f. Evolution
Compartmentalization and Metabolism

• Cells take up nutrients from the environment, transform

them and releases wastes into the environment.

• The cell is thus an open system.

REPRODUCTION (GROWTH)

• Chemicals from the environment are turned into new

cells under the genetic direction of preexisting cells.
DIFFERENTIATION

• Some cells can form new cell structures such as spore,

usually as part of a cellular life cycle.
COMMUNICATION

• Cells communicate or interact by means of chemicals

that are released or taken up.
MOVEMENT

• Some cells are capable of self-propulsion.

EVOLUTION

• Cells contain genes and evolve to display new

biological properties.
CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS

• Cells are classified as

1. Prokaryotes
• Examples are Bacteria and Archaea
CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS
• Cells are also classified as

2. Eukaryotes
• Examples are Algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, animals and
humans.
PROKARYOTES/ PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Have a simpler internal structure that lacks membrane-
enclosed organelles.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PROKARYOTES/ PROKARYOTIC
CELLS
• 10X smaller than eukaryotic cells;

• Do not have complex system of membranes; and

organelles;

• Very simple cells than eukaryotic cells;

• Do not contain membrane-bound organelles;

• Reproduce by binary fission;

• Includes bacteria and archaea.

EUKARYOTES/ EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Have their DNA in a membrane-enclosed nucleus
EUKARYOTES/ EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
• Are typically larger and structurally more complex than
prokaryotic cells.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
EUKARYOTES/ EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
• More complex cells, containing true nucleus and many
membrane bound organelles;

• Have true nucleus, DNA is enclosed by a nuclear

membrane;

• 10X larger than most prokaryotic cells.

INTRODUCTION TO RAW
MATERIALS USED IN BIOLOGICS
MANUFACTURING
• Raw materials required in biologics manufacturing are
not limited to the following:
a. Nutrients
b. Culture media
c. Buffers
d. Biological fluids
e. Hydrogels
NUTRIENTS
• Supply of monomers that cells need for growth;

• Different organisms need different complements of

nutrients, and not all nutrients are required in the same
amounts;

• Some nutrients, called macronutrients, are required in

large amounts, while others, called micronutrients, are
required in trace amount;

• All microbial nutrients originate from the chemical

elements; however, just a handful of elements dominate
biology.
NUTRIENTS
• Cells consist mainly of H, O, C, N, P, and S;

• At least 50 of the chemical elements are metabolized in

some way by microorganisms.
CULTURE MEDIA
• A culture is a single species of microorganism that is
isolated and grown under controlled conditions;

• Are the nutrient solutions used to grow

microorganisms in the laboratory;

• May be liquids (known broths) or solids;

CULTURE MEDIA

• Before the culture can be grown, the media must be

sterilized to prevent growth of unwanted species.;

• The media itself may be sterilized by treatment with

steam-generated heat through a process known as
AUTOCLAVING.
 BUFFERS
• A solution that resists changes in ph upon the addition of
acid or base.;

• Contain several species that react with added acid and base;

• Important in maintaining the proper environment within

microorganisms and within other cells, including those in
man;

• Many solutions and growth media are buffered to prevent

sudden and adverse changes in the acidity or alkalinity of
the environment surrounding the microorganisms.
BUFFERS
BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
• Include microorganisms, genetically engineered
microorganisms, cell Cultures and endoparasites,
whether pathogenic or not.