---CORONA---

---CORONA---
AASELF-SUSTAINED
SELF-SUSTAINED
EXTERNAL
EXTERNALPARTIAL
PARTIAL
DISCHARGE
DISCHARGE
Prepared by Viren B Pandya
 Contents
 Concept/Introduction
 Voltage formulae
 Factors affecting corona
 Corona loss formulae
 Factors affecting corona loss
 Methods to reduce corona loss
 Radio interference & inductive interference
 Introduction
 Phenomenon of external self sustained partial
discharge or ionization of air surrounding the
HV/EHV/UHV power conductors
accompanied by faint violet glow (in HVDC it is
reddish beads with negative conductor or by
smooth bluish white glow with positive
conductor), hissing noise, real power loss,
tendency of the conductors to vibrate,
interference with nearby communication
network and production of Ozone.
 Voltage Formulae
 Critical disruptive voltage: The voltage at which
partial breakdown of air takes place near
conductor surface and corona starts forming
D
Vd  rg 0 m0 ln kV
r
 Critical visual disruptive voltage: The voltage at
which corona becomes visible which is a little
bit higher than critical disruptive voltage
 0.3  D
Vs  rg 0 mv 1   ln r kV rms
 r 
 Voltage Formulae
 Critical voltages are directly proportional to
pressure and inversely proportional to
temperature.
 Hence air density factor δ is defined and
multiplied with Vd and Vv as :

b  (273  25) 3.92  b

  
76  (273  t ) (273  t )
 Where ‘b’ is barometric pressure in cm of Hg
and ‘t’ is temp. in degree centigrade/Celsius.
 Factors affecting corona
 Conductor diameter or size
 Conductor surface
 Atmospheric conditions i.e. temperature
and pressure
 Spacing among conductors
 Corona Loss Formulae
 Corona loss: when surface voltage gradient at
lone conductor exceeds the critical breakdown
stress, corona appears and energy is dissipated in
form of light & heat. This is known a corona loss.
 Peek’s formula:

244( f  25) r 5
Pc  (Vph Vd ) 10 kW / km / phase
2

 D
NOTE: Above formula is for fair weather condition and for
stormy weather Vd needs to be replaced by 0.8Vd.
 Corona Loss Formulae
 Peterson’s formula:

6
21 10 fV 2
ph
Pc  2
 F kW / km / phase
 D
   log10 
 r 
where F is the factor which varies with the ratio
Vph/Vd as given below:
Vph
/Vd 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Ratio

F 0.012 0.018 0.05 0.08 0.3 1.0 3.0 6.0 8.0

When Vph/Vd ratio is less than 1.8, Peterson’s formula

holds better than that of Peek.
Vph
/Vd 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Ratio

F 0.012 0.018 0.05 0.08 0.3 1.0 3.0 6.0 8.0

Interpolation for R=Vph/Vd=1.142 to compute F:

  R  Rmin  
F  Fmin    ( Fmax  Fmin )
  Rmax  Rmin  
  1.142  1 
 0.05     0.08  0.05  
  1.2  1 
 0.0713
 Factors affecting corona loss
 Frequency: corona loss increases with
increase in frequency.
 Conductivity of air: high conductivity of
air increases corona loss.
 Conductor diameter: the higher the
conductor diameter, the lesser the corona
loss is in the transmission system.
 Factors affecting corona loss
 Load current: with increase in load current
temperature increases of the conductor
which preludes the formation of dews on
conductors hence reduces corona loss.
 Conductor surface: irregularities of surface
of the conductors increase corona loss.
 Atmospheric conditions: stormy weather
increases corona loss.
 Methods of reducing corona loss
 By increasing conductor size: increase in
diameter results into raise in disruptive
voltage hence losses are decreased.
 By increasing conductor spacing: increase
in spacing among the conductors results
into rise in critical disruptive voltage hence
losses are decreased.
 By bundled conductors and hollow
conductors
 Radio & inductive interference
 Radio interference is the adverse effect
introduced by corona on wireless
broadcasting.
 The corona discharges emit radiation which may
introduce noise signals in the communication
lines, radio and television receivers.
 Radio interference is considered as a field
measured in microvolt per metre at any distance
from the transmission line and is significant only
at voltages greater than 200 kV.
 Amplitude of RI level varies inversely as the
frequency at which the interference is measured.
 Radio & inductive interference
 When communication line runs in parallel with
power lines, this trouble gets into play.
 Corona gives rise to electromagnetic and
electrostatic fields of sufficient magnitudes
which induce currents and voltages respectively
in the neighboring communication lines
 Thank you
Stay blessed, happy
and safe at home.