Geography Class X

CONTENTS
1.Types Of Farming :- Primitive Subsistence Farming
Intensive Subsistence Farming
Commercial Farming

2.Cropping Pattern :- Rabi

Kharif
Zaid

3. Major Crops:- Food Crops

Food Crops other than Grains
Non-Food Crops

4.Technological And Institutional Reforms :- Food Security

Indian Agriculture
 AGRICULTURE
• THE WORD AGRICULTURE IS
DERIVED FROM LATIN WORD AGER
WHICH MEANS SOIL AND CULTURE
MEANS CULTIVATION
• THE SCIENCE AND ART OF
CULTIVATION ON THE SOIL,
RAISING CROPS AND
REARING LIVESTOCK IS CALLED FARMING
AGRICULTURE
• India is an agriculturally important
country. 2/3rds(63%) of the
population is engaged in agriculture.
• Agriculture is a primary
activity,which produces food and
other raw materials for industries.
 Importance of
agriculture
1.More than 64% of Indian population is directly or indirectly
dependent on Agriculture for their livelihood.

2.It provides food to the ever growing

population of India.

3. It provides fodder to the livestock's.

4.It provides raw materials to the Agro

based industries.
5.Commercialisation and mechanisation of
agriculture creates demands for the
industries.

6.Indian agriculture contributes valuable

share to the GDP.

7. It earns valuable foreign exchange for

the country.
8. Indian Agriculture has earned a place of
importance in the world economy by standing
first in the production of groundnut, pulses,
spices, tobacco and oilseeds.
India stands second in rice production and fourth
in wheat production.
TYPES OF FARMING
Types of Farming
• Primitive Subsistence Farming

• Intensive Subsistence Farming

• Commercial Farming
Primitive Subsistence Farming
This type of farming is still practiced in few pockets of India.
Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced on small
patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao
and digging sticks, and family/community labour.
This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural
fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental
Conditions to the crops grown.

Jhumming Cultivation :- It is a slash and burn agriculture. A

patch of land is cleared and cereals and other food crops
are produced. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers
shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. The soil’s
Fertility is replenished through natural processes. Land
Productivity is low as the farmers don’t use fertilizers or
Other modern inputs.
 NAME REGION/ PLACE
• Milpa Mexico and Central America
• Conuco Venezuela
• Roca Brazil
• Masole Central Africa
• Ladang Indonesia
• Ray Vietnam
Different Names • Bewar or Dahiya Madhya Pradesh
of Jhumming • Podu or Penda Andhra Pradesh
Cultivation • Pama Dabi or

Koman or Bringa Orissa

• Kumari Western Ghats
• Valre or Waltre South Eastern Rajasthan
• Khil Himalayan Belt
• Kuruwa Jharkhand
Primitive Subsistence Farming

Jhumming cultivation
Intensive Subsistence Farming
This type of farming is practiced in areas of high population
Pressure on land . Its labour intensive farming , where high
Doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for
Obtaining higher production.
Through its ‘ right to inheritance’ leading to the division of
Among successive generations has rendered land holding
Size uneconomical , the farmers continue to take maximum
Output from the limited land in the absence of alternative
Source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on
Agricultural land.
AGRICULTURE

CROPPING SEASONS OF INDIA

PART-2
Commercial Farming
• .Use of Higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds
( Higher Yielding Variety) , chemical fertilisers , insecticides, pesticides
etc.
• Degree of commercialization of agriculture changes from
one region to another.
• Plantation is also a type of commercial farming where a single crop is
grown on a large area.
• All the produce is used as raw material in industries.
• In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc. are important
plantation crops.
• Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in Karnataka are some
important plantations grown in these states.
• As the production is mainly for market, a well- developed network of
transport and communication connecting the plantation areas,
processing industries and market plays an a important role in the
development.
Cropping Pattern
Different Types of Cropping Patterns

Rabi Crops :- Rabi crops are sown in winter from October

to December.
• Harvested in In summer from April to June
• Important Rabi crops – wheat, barley, peas, gram, and mustard.
• Grown in – States from North and North western parts such as
Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh
• Success of Green Revolution In Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar
Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important
factor in the growth of the Rabi Crops.
• Availability of precipitation during winter months due to
western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.
Different Types of Cropping Patterns
Kharif Crops :-
• These crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and
harvested in September-October.
• Important crops grown during this season are rice (paddy),
maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute,
groundnut and soyabean.
• Some of the most important kharif regions are Assam, West
Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, the Konkan coast, Uttar
Pradesh and Bihar.
Different Types of Cropping Patterns

Zaid Crops :-
In between the rabi and the kharif
seasons, there is a short season during
the summer months known as the Zaid
season.
Some of the crops produced during
‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon,
cucumber, vegetables and fodder
crops and Sugarcane.
END OF PART -2

TOMORROW:
MAJOR FOOD
CROPS AND
NON-FOOD
CROPS
AGRICULTURE CHAPTER – 2
GEOGRAPHY CLASS 10

PART-3
A variety if food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending upon
the variations in soil, climate and cultivation practises.
Major crops grown in India are:
 Rice
 Wheat Did you know ?
 Millets Grains India produces 51
 Maize major crops.
 Pulses

 Sugarcane
 Oil seeds
Food crops other than grains
 Tea
 Coffee
 Horticulture crops

 Rubber
 Fibre crops Non-food crops
 Cotton
 Jute
• It is the staple food crop of a
Majority of people in india.
• Our country is the largest
Producer of rice after China.
• It is a Kharif Crop
Conditions required for the crop:-
• It requires high temperature
(above 25°C ) and high humidity.
• Annual rainfall above 100 cm
• In the areas of low rainfall, it grows
With the help of irrigation Rice
Areas where it is found:-
• North Eastern India, Plains of north, coastal areas and deltaic
regions
 Wheat
• This is the second most
Important cereal crop.
• It is the main food crop in, in
North and north western part of India
• This is a rabi crop.
Conditions required for the crop:-
• It requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of
ripening.
• It requires 50 – 75 cm of rain of annual rain evenly distributed over
the growing season.
Areas of cultivation:-
• Ganga – Satluj plains on the north west and black soil region of the
Deccan.
• Punjab , Haryana , Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of
Maharashtra
 Second most important cereal crop.
 Main food crop in North and North-Western part of the country.
Requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at ripening
time.
Requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over
the growing season.
 Important wheat growing zones – Ganga-Sutlej Plains & Black
soil region in Deccan.
Major wheat producing states – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of
Madhya Pradesh.
 Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are the important millets grown in India.
Though, these are known as coarse grains, they have high nutritional value.
Ragi is rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. It is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black,
sandy, loamy and shallow soils. Karnataka is the largest producer followed by Tamil Nadu. Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand,
Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important ragi producing states.
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a rain- fed crop grown in moist
areas. Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
 Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest producer
followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.

Ragi

Jowar
Bajra
 Used as both food and fodder.
Kharif crop which requires temperature between 21-27 degree Celsius. And grows well in
alluvial soil.
 In states like Bihar, it is grown as rabi crop also.
 Use of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have contributed to the
increasing production of maize.
Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and
Madhya Pradesh.
 India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world
 These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
 Major pulses grown in India are – Tur(arhar), Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas and Gram.
Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
All these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air,
because of which it is grown in rotation with other crops.
Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra and Karnataka.
 It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21 to 27 degree Celsius and an
annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
 Can be grown on variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
 India is the second largest producer after Brazil.
 Main source of sugar, jaggery, khandsari and molasses.
Major sugar producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.
Oil Seeds

• India is the largest producer

Of oilseeds in the world.
• Different oil seeds are grown covering
approximately 12 per cent of the totalcropped area of
the country.
• Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut,
mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor
seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.
• Most of these are edible and used as cooking
mediums. However, some of these are also used as
raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and
ointments.
 Oil Seeds
Groundnut
• It is a kharif crop and accounts for about half
of the major oilseeds produced in the country.
• Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of
groundnut followed by Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra

Linseed and mustard

• These are rabi crops
• Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi
crop in south India.
• Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif
crop.
• 8.
 Beverage Crops
TEA
• Tea is an example of plantation
agriculture.
• It is a labour-intensive industry needing abundant, cheap and skilled
labour.
• India is the leading produce and exporter.
Conditions required for the crop:-
• It grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates.
• It needs deep and fertile well-drained soil rich in humus and organic
matter.
• Tea bushes require warm and moist-free climate all through the year
along with frequent showers.
Areas of cultivation:-
• Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal,
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya,
Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura.
 Example of plantation crop.
 Important beverage crop introduced in India by British.
Tea plant grows well in Tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-
drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
 Tea bushes require warm and moist free climate throughout the year.
 Tea requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.
 Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.
Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West Bengal,
Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
 India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the world.
 India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee.
 Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
 The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in India.
 This variety is of great demand in the world.
 Its cultivation was initially introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even today
its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
  India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world.
 India is s producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
Fruits in great demand :  India produces 13% of the world’s
Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, vegetables.
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. It is an important producer of pea,
 Oranges of Nagpur and Cherapunjee. cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato,
Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra brinjal and potato.
and Tamil Nadu.
Did you know ?
 Lichi and Guava of Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar. India accounts to 10 % of
Pineapples of Meghalaya the world’s fruit
 Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and production.
Maharashtra.
Apples, Pears,
Apricots
and Walnut
of Jammu and Kashmir
and Himachal Pradesh.
Rubber
• Rubber is an important industrial
Raw material
• India ranks fifth among the world’s
natural rubber producers.
Conditions Required for the crop:-
• It is an equatorial crop, but under
special conditions, it is also grown
in tropical and sub-tropical areas.
• It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than
200 cm.
• Temperature above 25°C.
Areas of Cultivation :-
• It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman
and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.
Consumption of Natural Rubber

Auto Tyres and Tubes

Cycle Tyres and Tubes
Camel Back
Footwears
Belts and Hoses
Latex Foam
Dipped Goods
Others
 Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.
The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, silk is obtained from cocoons of
silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.
 Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.
 Cotton
• India is believed to be the
original home of the cotton plant.
• Cotton is one of the main raw
materials for cotton textile industry.
• India is the third-largest producer
of cotton in the world.
Conditions Required For The Crop :-
• Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan
plateau.
• It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free
days and bright sunshine for its growth.
• It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature
Areas Of Cultivation
• Major cotton-producing states are – Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh,Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh.
Jute
• It is known as the golden fibre.
• It is used in making gunny bags,
mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and
other artifacts.
• Due to its high cost, it is losing
market to synthetic fibres and
packing materials, particularly the nylon
Conditions Required for the crop:-
• Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood plains
where soils are renewed every year.
• High temperature is required during the time of growth.
Areas of Cultivation
• West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are the
major jute producing states.
 INSTITUTIONAL
AND
TECHNOLOGICAL
REFORMS

END OF PART-3
Causes for Introduction of New Reforms in Agriculture

• Agriculture has been in practised in India for

thousands of years.
• · Continued uses of land without well-matched
techno-institutional reforms lead to slow down in
the pace of agricultural development.
• · In spite of development in irrigation most of the
farmers in large parts of the country still depend
upon monsoon and natural fertility of soil.
• · Our population grew at fast rate than agriculture
production.
• There has been a lot of injustice done with farmers
with the current prices for their production.
• Famines, droughts and other disasters ruined the
entire crop produced putting farmers in dilemma.
Technological And Institutional Reforms Introduced after
Independence
• Collective farming was introduced.
• Land holdings were consolidated
• Co-operative movement were started in
Indian agriculture
• Zamindari system was abolished,
• Land reform’ was introduced in First Five Year
Plan.
• The Green Revolution and related
technologies were introduced such as use of
HYV of seed, fertilizers, modern machinery
and inputs.
• White Revolution (Operation Flood) was
introduced to increase milk production.
Features Of Comprehensive Land
development

• Provision for crop insurance against drought,

flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment
of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and
banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers
at lower rates of interest were some important
steps in this direction.
• Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for
easy availability of inputs.
• Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are
some other schemes introduced by the
Government of India for the benefit of the
farmers.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural
programmes for farmers were introduced on
the radio and television.
• The government also announces minimum
support price, remunerative and procurement
prices for important crops to check the
exploitation of farmers by speculators and
middlemen.
Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He also
participated in Satyagraha as one of the foremost satyagrahis.
He was one of the votaries of Gandhi’s concept of gram swarajya. After
Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook padyatra to spread
Gandhiji’s message covered almost the entire country.
Once, when he was delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra
Pradesh, some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their
economic well-being.
Vinoba Bhave could not promise it to them immediately but assured
them to talk to the Government of India regarding provision of land for
them if they undertook cooperative farming.
Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of
land to be distributed among 80 land-less villagers.
This act was known as ‘Bhoodan’.
Later he travelled and introduced his ideas widely all over India. Some
zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages
among the landless. It was known as Gramdan.
However, many land-owners chose to provide some part of their land to
the poor farmers due to the fear of land ceiling act.
This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also
known as the Blood-less Revolution
Globalisation is not a new phenomenon. It was there
at the time of colonisation. In the nineteenth century
when European traders came to India, at that time
too, Indian spices were exported to different countries
of the world and farmers of south India were
encouraged to grow these crops. Till today it is one of
the important items of export from India.
During the British period cotton belts of India
attracted the British and ultimately cotton was
exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile
industries. Cotton textile industry in Manchester and
Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good
quality cotton from India. You have read about
the Champaran movement which started in 1917 in
Bihar.
This was started because farmers of that region were
forced to grow indigo on their land because it was
necessary for the textile industries which were located
in Britain.
They were unable to grow foodgrains to sustain their
families.
Under globalization, particularly after 1990, the
farmers in India have been exposed to new
Challenges. Despite being an important producer of
rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee,jute and spices our
agricultural products are not able to compete with the
developed countries because of the highly subsidized
agriculture in those countries. Today, Indian
agriculture finds itself at the
crossroads. To make agriculture successful and
profitable, proper thrust should be given to the
improvement of the condition of marginal and small
farmers. The green revolution promised much. But
today it’s undercontroversies. It is being alleged that it
has caused land degradation due to overuse of
chemicals, drying aquifers and vanishing biodiversity.
The keyword today is “gene revolution”, which
includes genetic engineering
Infact organic farming is much in vogue today because it
is practised without factory made chemicals such as
fertilisers and pesticides.
Hence, it does not affect environment in a negative
manner A few economists think that Indian farmers have
a bleak future if they continue growing foodgrains on the
holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the population
rises. India’s rural population is about 833 million (2011)
which depends upon 250 million (approximate) hectares
of agricultural land, an average of less than half a hectare
per person.
Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern
from cereals to high-value crops. This will Increase
incomes and reduce environmental degradation
simultaneously.
Because fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers, vegetables, bio-
diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba need much less
irrigation than rice or sugarcane. India’s
diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of
high-value crops.
 MAJOR AREAS OF RICE M
AND WHEAT
AP
S
MAJOR PRODUCER OF
SUGARCANE/TEA/COFFEE/RUBBER
/COTTON AND JUTE
 END OF
THE
CHAPTER
NEXT CHAPTER :
GENDER,RELIGI
ON AND C ASTE
THANK YOU FOR
WATCHING