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LORIN-PICAR
DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE
NEW VISAYAS, PANABO CITY
TOPIC
PART 1 OUTLINE
Role of Statistics in Research
Descriptive Statistics
Ha n d s –On Statistical Software
Sample and Population
Sampling Procedures
Sample Size
Ha n d s –On Statistical Software
Inferential Statistics
Hypothesis Testing
TOPIC OUTLINE
PA RT 2
Choice of Statistical Tests
Defi ning Independent and Dependent
Variables
Ha n ds –On Statistical Software
Scales of Measurements
How many Samples / Groups are in the Design
PA RT 3
Parametric Tests
Ha n ds –On Statistical Software
PA RT 4
TOPIC
OUTLINE
PA RT 5
Goodness of Fit
Ha nd s –On Statistical Software
PA RT 6
Choosing the Correct Statistical Tests
Ha nd s –On Statistical Software
Introduction to Multiple and Non-Linear
Regression
Role of Statistics in Research
Normally use to analyze data
T o organize and make sense out of large amount
of data
T h i s is basic to intelligent reading research
article
H a s significant contributions in social sciences,
applied sciences and even business and
economics
Statisticalresearches make inferences about
population characteristics on the basis of one or
more samples that have been studied.
How is Statistics look into ?
1. Descriptive – this gives us information ,
or simple describe the sample we are
studying.
2. Correlational - this enables us to
relate variables and establish
relationship between and among
variables which are useful in making
predictions.
3. Inferential – this is going beyond the
sample and make inference on the
population.
Descriptive Statistics
1 . accidental or convenience
sampling
2 . purposive sampling
3 . quota sampling
4 . snowball or referral
Systematic Sample
This is obtained by selecting
every nth name in a population
Convenience Sampling
Any group of individuals that is
conveniently available to be
studied
Purposive Sampling
Consist of individuals
who have special
some sort or are deemed
qualifications of
representative on the basis of
prior evidence
Quota Sampling
I n quota sampling, the population is first
segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups,
just as in stratified sampling. Then judgment is
used to select the subjects or units from each
segment based on a specified proportion. For
example, an interviewer may be told to sample
200 females and 300 males between the age of
45 and 60. This means that individuals can put
a demand on who they want to sample
(targeting)
Snow ball Sampling
snowball sampling is a technique for developing a
research sample where existing study subjects recruit
future subjects from among their acquaintances. Thus
the sample group appears to grow like a rolling
snowball. As the sample builds up, enough data is
gathered to be useful for research. This sampling
technique is often used in hidden populations which
are difficult for researchers to access; example
populations would be drug users or prostitutes. As
sample members are not selected from a sampling
frame, snowball samples are subject to numerous
biases
General Classification of
Collecting Data
S te ps in Hypothesis Testing
1 . Formulate the null hypothesis and
the alternative hypothesis
- this is the statistical
which are assumptions orguesses
hypothesis
the population involved. In
about these are statements about
the probability distributions of the
short,
populations
Null Hypothesis
This is a hypothesis of “ no effect “.
I t is usually formulated for the express
purpose of being rejected, that is, it is the
negation of the point one is trying to
make.
T h i s is the hypothesis that two or more
variables are not related or that two or
more statistics are not significantly
different.
Alternative Hypothesis
This is the operational statement
of the researcher’s hypothesis
T h e hypothesis derived from
the
theory of the investigator
generally state a specified relationship
and
between two or more variables or that
two or more statistics significantly
differ.
Two Ways of Stating the
Alternative Hypothesis
1 . Predictive- specifies the type of relationship
existing between two or more variables (direct or
indirect) or specifies the direction of the difference
between two or more statistics
Pearson's r
bivariate regression and multiple regression
Multiple Sample Tests
Studies that refer to repeated measurements or
pairs of subjects typically collect at least two sets
of scores. Studies that refer to specific subgroups
in the population also collect two or more samples
of data. Once you have determined that the design
uses two or more samples or "groups", then you
must determine how many samples or groups are
in the design. Studies that are limited to two
groups use either the chi-square statistic, Mann-
Whitney U, Wilcoxon test, independent means t
test, or the dependent means t test.
I f you have three or more groups in the
design, the chi-square statistic, Kruskal-
Wallis H Test, Friedman ANOVA for ranks,
One-way Between-Groups ANOVA, and
Factorial ANOVA depending on the nature
of the relationship between groups. Some of
these tests are designed for dependent or
correlated samples/groups some are
and designed for that are
completely independent.
samples/groups
Multiple Sample Tests
Dependent Means