Artificial Intelligence

AAFREEN AHMED
MBA-PGPM
1 S T SEMESTER
Artificial intelligence (AI) INTRODUCTION
is the intelligence of machines
and the branch of
computer science that aims to
create it. AI textbooks define
the field as "the study and
design of intelligent agents”
where an intelligent agent is a
system that perceives its
environment and takes
actions that maximize its
chances of success .John
McCarthy, who coined the
term in 1956, defines it as
"the science and engineering
of making intelligent
machines."
 History of Artificial Intelligence
The intellectual roots of AI,
and the concept of intelligent
machines, may be found in
Greek mythology.
 Ancient Hstory:-
 5th century B.C. Aristotl invented
syllogistic logic, the first formal
deductive reasoning system.
 15th century Invention of printing
using moveable type. Gutenberg Bible
printed (1456).
 16th century Clockmakers extended
their craft to creating mechanical
animals and other novelties.
 Modern History:-
 John Mc Carthy stated along with his
group in a conference that the
Darmouth Summer research project
will be known for Artificial intelligence
concepts.
 NARROW Artificial Intelligence
 Each Problem is Solved Separately even though certain common
mathematical tools may be used (statistics, graph theory, signal
processing, etc).
 Each Solution Relies Heavily on Specific Environment
Constraints and performance (compared to that of humans) drops when
these constraints are relaxed.
 Successes in Narrow AI:
 Restricted Speech Recognition
 Credit Card Fraud Detection
 Web Tools
 Robots
 1D & 2D-bar code
 Chess Playing Machines,Optical Character Recognition,Industrial
Inspection,Biometrics (Fingerprints),Medical Diagnosis.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN Human Brain&
Machines
 Human intelligence almost always thrives on context
while computers work on abstract numbers alone.
 Humans use prior knowledge to deal with sensory
input. The process involves a complex of bottom-up
and top-down processes.
It is hard to develop algorithms for a barely
understood process. Certainly machines may not
have prior knowledge.
 AI- continued…
AI = search+knowledge+learning
AI includes:
1.Applied Cognitive Science
 Computational models of human reasoning-Scientific thinking
 Models of non-introspective mental processes-Language
comprehension, language learning,Human memory organization.
2. Knowledge Engineering-Machinetranslation.
3.Problem solving methods.
4.Machine learning.
 Tools to accomplish the task AI
 Neural Network's) - A Neural Network is an AI tool modeled
by the way the human brain learns hence the name "neural"
 Mobile Agent System's) - A mobile agent is generally
characterized by a piece of software that can go from one
computer to another computer (or network) and perform
some type of useful execution on the user’s behalf.
 Genetic Algorithms - A model of machine learning, which
derives its behavior from a metaphor of some of the
mechanisms of evolution in nature.
 AI- Application Areas
Language Processing Rule-Based Expert
 Speech: dictation, HCI Systems
 Language: Machine  Medical Diagnosis: MYCIN,
Translation
INTERNIST, PUFF
 ML & NLP: Fact Extraction
 ML & words: Information
 CSP Scheduling: ISIS, Airline
Retrieval scheduling
Robotics Data Mining
 Machine Vision  Financial: Fraud detection,
 Mobile Robots & “agents” credit scoring
 Manipulation  Sales: Customer preferences,
inventory
 Science: NASA galaxy DB,
genome analysis
 OtherApplications
medical diagnosis
stock trading
robot control
Law
scientific discovery
video games
 Pros & Cons of Artificial Intelligence
 Pros:
 Tireless performance of tasks.
 Copying:The training of an
artificial mind to perform a
particular task, duplication of
task-performance.
 With an artificial mind it is more
about making logical and feasible
decisions and so much lesser
about giving into emotions.
 Cons:
 The risk of a breakdown .
 The imminent risk of a loss of
data.
 Artificial minds need to be shut
down on a regular basis for
maintenance work. This can be a
deterrent to productivity and to
the general welfare of the
organization in question.
Predicting AI's future
 You stock portfolio automatically modifies your market
position and executes "smart" trades for you.
 Your car does your driving for you.
 Robots handle your housecleaning, yard work and cooking.
 Your groceries are automatically ordered based on
preferences and patterns in purchasing.
 Drug researchers can utilize the intelligence for intensive
bio-computational modeling.
 Competitive intelligence is managed by smart AI agents the
peruse the web to look for relevant information (new
releases, prices, marketing strategies, etc.)