V Subject: Intro.

to Management Information System

V Lecturer: Zaipul Anwar Bin Zainu
 6el:019-3262427
 E-mail:zaipulanwar@iprom.unikl.edu.my, zaipul@gmail.com
 Room: 2211
 Website: http://www.zaipul.com
 Facebook: Zaipul Anwar
0 Gonsultation: By Appointment (or through email, chat or
Facebook). In the future hopefully through eLearning.
http://eLearning.zaipul.com
V 6eaching materials:
 Lectures, Websites, Softwares, Videos, Movies and Music(?)
 Assignment/project/class discussion/case study
 Lab activity
V Final Exam - 50%
V Mid Semester Test Ȃ20%
V Course Work Ȃ 30%

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V Ease the managing task
V Guide for problem solving & decision making
V Advance in carrier. Realise opportunities and
meet personal and company goals.
V In Business: used in all functional areas.
V GBIS important for type of job.
V SUBJEG6 OBJEG6IVE
V 6o enable students to understand basic information technology
concepts and participate in developing information systems
solutions to business problems.
V 6o assist students to understand the fundamental concepts of real-
world information systems and to demonstrate the potential
advantages of state-of-the-art information technology applications
in organizational.
V SUBJEG6 SYNOPSIS
V 6he foundations of information systems. Information management
and its strategic role in organizations. 6he technical foundations of
information systems; elements of information processing and the
telecommunication. 6he contemporary tools, techniques and
approaches used to build information systems.
GOURSE GON6EN6

V Management information systems (MIS); challenges and opportunities, the

strategic role of information systems in organizations, and business processes
V Management of information and decision making; ethical and social impact
of information systems.
V Gomputers and information processing; information systems software, and
managing data resources
V 6elecommunications and the internet networking, redesigning the
organization with information systems and ensuring quality with information
systems. Managing knowledge and enhancing management decision making.
Gontrolling information systems and managing international information
systems.
V REFERENGE BOOKS
V Ralph M. Stair, G.W Reynolds, 2008, Principles of Information System, A
Managerial Approach, 6homson Learning (6ext Book).
V Kenneth G.L. and Jane P.L., 1998. Management Information Systems: New
Approaches to Organization and 6echnology, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall.
V Sarah, E., Sawyer and Stacey, G., 1998, Management Information Systems for
the Information Age, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, Massachusetts, ISBN: 0-07-
025465-6.
V Post, G.V. and David L.A., 1997, Management Information Systems: Solving
Business Problems with Information 6echnology, Irwin/McGraw Hill, Illinois.
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V Data vs. Information
 Data
X Raw facts
X Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a
special way
 Information
X A collection of facts organized in such a way that they
have additional value beyond the value of the facts
themselves
V Data Ȃ thermometer readings of temperature
taken every hour:
16.0, 17.0, 16.0, 18.5, 17.0,15.5ǥ.

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V Information Ȃ todayǯs high: 18.5
todayǯs low: 15.5
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 accurate,
 complete,
 economical,
 flexible,
 reliable,
 relevant,
 simple,
 timely,
 verifiable,
 accessible,
 secure
V You want the information about you in a health
information system to be:
 As accurate as possible (e.g. your age, sex)
 As complete as possible
 Relevant
 6o be reliable
 Should be available in a timely manner (e.g. information
about your drug allergies are available before your
operation!)
V Definition
 A set of elements or components that interact to
accomplish goals
 A combination of components working together
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(1) Refers to a combination of components working together. For
example, a §omputer system includes both hardware and
software. A Windows system is a personal computer running
the ½

operating system. A desktop publishing system is
a computer running desktop publishing software.
(2) Short for computer system.
(3) Short for operating system.
(4) An organization or methodology. 6he binary numbering system,
for instance, is a way to count using only two digits
V Inputs
V Processing mechanisms
V Outputs
  


 


 


 


 
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V System boundary
 Defines the system and distinguishes it from everything
else
V System types
 Simple vs. complex
 Open vs. closed
 Stable vs. dynamic
 Adaptive vs. non-adaptive
 Permanent vs. temporary
V Efficiency
 A measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed (eg. Efficiency of a motor is the energy
produced divided by what is consumed)
V Effectiveness
 A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its
goals
V System performance standard
 A specific objective of the system




V System variable
 A quantity or item that can be controlled by the
decision maker
 E.g. the price a company charges for a product
V System parameter
 A value or quantity that cannot be controlled by
the decision maker
 E.g., cost of a raw material
V Model
 An abstraction or an approximation that is used
to represent reality
V 6ypes of models
 Narrative (aka descriptive)
 Physical
 Schematic
 Mathematical
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V Make understanding complex systems easier

(simplifies)
V Gan be used to design Ȃ make models of new
systems so can refine them
V Makes communication about systems easier
(e.g. a picture can communicate a thousand
words)
V Definition
 A set of interrelated elements or components that collect (input),
manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data and
information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an
objective
 (IS) Pronounced as separate letters, and short for Information
Systems or Information Services. For many companies, IS is the
name of the department responsible for computers, networking
and data management. Other companies refer to the department
as I6 (Information 6echnology) and MIS (Management
Information Services).
  


 



   
   





 



 
 



 




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V Input
 6he activity of gathering and capturing data
 Whatever goes into the computer
V Processing
 Gonverting or transforming data into useful outputs
V Output
 Useful information, usually in the form of documents
and/or reports
 Anything that comes out of a computer
(n) Whatever goes into the computer. Input can take a
variety of forms, from commands you enter on a
keyboard to data from another computer or device. A
device that feeds data into a computer, such as a
keyboard or mouse, is called an input device.
(v) 6he act of entering data into a computer
(n) Anything that comes out of a computer. Output can
be meaningful information or gibberish, and it can
appear in a variety of forms -- as binary numbers, as
characters, as pictures, and as printed pages.
Output devices include display screens,
loudspeakers, and printers.
(v) 6o give out. For example, display screens output
images, printers output print, and loudspeakers
output sounds.
V Feedback
 Output that is used to make changes to input or
processing activities
V Forecasting
 A proactive approach to feedback
 Use for estimating future sales or inventory needs
V Manual systems still widely used
 E.g., some investment analysts manual draw charts and
trend lines to assist them in making investment decisions
V Gomputerized systems
 E.g., the above trends lines can be drawn by computer
V Evolution
 Many computerized system began as manual systems
 E.g., directory assistance (Dz911dz)
V A GBIS is composed ofǥ
 Hardware
 Software
 Databases
 6elecommunications
 People
 Procedures
V 6ogether they areǥ
 Gonfigured to collect, manipulate, store, and process
data into information
V Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 6elecommunications
 Networks
V Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 6elecommunications
 Networks
V Hardware
 Gomputer equipment used to perform input,
processing, and output activities
 6he objects that you can actually touch, like disks,
disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers,
boards, and chips.
 ardware refers to objects that you can actually touch, like
disks, disk drives, display screens, keyboards, printers, boards,
and chips. In contrast, software is untouchable. Software exists
as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.
Books provide a useful analogy. 6he pages and the ink are
the hardware, while the words, sentences, paragraphs, and the
overall meaning are the software. A computer without software
is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make
the computer useful just as you need words to make a book
meaningful.
V Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 6elecommunications
 Networks
V Software
 Gomputer programs that
govern/determine/control the operation of the
computer
 Gomputer instructions or data
 Software is computer instructions or data. Anything
that can be stored electronically is software. 6he
storage devices and display devices are hardware.
6he terms software and hardware are used as both
nouns and adjectives. For example, you can say: "6he
problem lies in the software," meaning that there is a
problem with the program or data, not with the
computer itself. You can also say: "It's a software
problem.Dz
 6he distinction between software and hardware is
sometimes confusing because they are so integrally linked.
Glearly, when you purchase a program, you are buying software.
But to buy the software, you need to buy the disk (hardware) on
which the software is recorded.
Software is often divided into two categories. Systems
software includes the operating system and all the utilities that
enable the computer to function. Appli§ations software
includes programs that do real work for users. For example,
word processors, spreadsheets, and database management
systems fall under the category of applications software.
V Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 6elecommunications
 Networks
V Database
 An organized collection of facts and information
 A collection of information organized in such a
way that a computer program can quickly select
desired pieces of data
 A database is a collection of information organized in such a
way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces
of data.
You can think of a database as an electronic filing system.
6raditional databases are organized by fields, records, and files.
A field is a single piece of information; a record is one complete
set of fields; and a file is a collection of records. For example, a
telephone book is analogous to a file. It contains a list of records,
each of which consists of three fields: name, address, and
telephone number.
 An alternative concept in database design is known as
Hypertext. In a Hypertext database, any object, whether it be a
piece of text, a picture, or a film, can be linked to any other
object. Hypertext databases are particularly useful for
organizing large amounts of disparate information, but they are
not designed for numerical analysis.
6o access information from a database, you need a
database management system (DBMS). 6his is a collection of
programs that enables you to enter, organize, and select data in
a database.
V Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 6elecommunications
 Networks
V 6elecommunications
 6he electronic transmission of signals for
communications; enables organizations to link
computer systems into effective networks
 Refers to all types of data transmission, from
voice to video
V Five parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Database
 6elecommunications
 Networks
V Network
 Used to connect computers and computer
equipment in a building, around the country,
across the world, to enable electronic
communications
 A group of two or more computer systems linked
together
6here are many types of computer networks,
including:
lo§al-area networks (LANs) : 6he computers are
geographically close together (that is, in the same
building).
wide-area networks (WANs) : 6he computers are
farther apart and are connected by telephone lines
or radio waves.
In addition to these types, the following characteristics are also used
to categorize different types of networks:
topology : 6he geometric arrangement of a computer system.
Gommon topologies include a bus, star, and ring.
proto§ol : 6he protocol defines a common set of rules and signals
that computers on the network use to communicate. One of the
most popular protocols for LANs is called Ethernet. Another
popular LAN protocol for PGs is the IBM token-ring network .
ar§hite§ture : Networks can be broadly classified as using either a
peer-to-peer or client/server architecture.
Gomputers on a network are sometimes called nodes.
Gomputers and devices that allocate resources for a network
are called servers.
V Internet
 6he worldǯs largest telecommunications network
 A network of networks
 Free exchange of information
 A global network connecting millions of computers.
V Intranet
 A network that uses Internet technology within an
organization
 A network belonging to an organization
V People
 6he most important element in most computer-
based information systems
 Includes people who manage, run, program, and
maintain the system
 E.g., I6 professionals (you!)
V Procedures
 Includes the strategies, policies, methods, and
rules for using the GBIS
V 6ypes
 6ransaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems
V 6ransaction
 Any business-related exchange
 E.g., generating a weekly payroll
V 6ransaction processing system (6PS)
 An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to record
completed for for business related exchanges
 
 


 

 












V 6ypes
 6ransaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems
V E-commerce
 Involves any business transaction executed electronically
 Gonducting business on-line
 For example, betweenǥ
X Gompanies
X Gompanies and consumers
X Business and the public sector
X Gonsumers and the public sector
 Example for placing a purchase order
V 6ypes
 6ransaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems
V An MIS isǥ
 An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to routine
information to managers and decision makers
 

 
 
 




 




 
  


 


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MIS is short for management information system or
management information services, and pronounced as
separate letters
MIS refers to a class of software that provides managers with
tools for organizing and evaluating their department.
6ypically, MIS systems are written in GOBOL and run on
mainframes or minicomputers.
Within companies and large organizations, the department
responsible for computer systems is sometimes called the
MIS department. Other names for MIS include IS
(Information Services) and I6 (Information 6echnology).
V 6ypes
 6ransaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems
V A DSS isǥ
 An organized collection of people, procedures,
software, databases, and devices used to support
problem-specific decision making
V A DSS helps a manger Dzdo the right thingdz
V 6ypes
 6ransaction processing systems
 E-commerce systems
 Management information systems
 Decision support systems
 Expert systems
V An expert system isǥ
 A computer application that performs a task that would
otherwise be performed by a human expert
 gives the computer the ability to make suggestions and
to act like an expert in a particular field
 Examples: diagnose human illnesses, make financial
forecasts, schedule routes for delivery vehicles
V Expert systems typically include Dzartificial
intelligencedz (next slide)
V AI isǥ
 A branch of computer science concerned with
making computers behave like humans
 6erm was coined in 1956 by John McGarthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of 6echnology
 Draws from many areas, including cognitive
psychology
Artificial intelligence includes games playing: programming computers to
play games such as chess and checkers
expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose
diseases based on symptoms)
natural language : programming computers to understand
natural human languages
neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by
attempting to reproduce the types of physical connections
that occur in animal brains
roboti§s : programming computers to see and hear and react
to other sensory stimuli
V Attempted to replace humans in decision
making
V However did not take into account
 How humans actually reason
 Human information needs (doctors do not want
their decision making replaced, but rather want it
supported)
V Systems development
 6he activity of creating or modifying an existing business
system
V Systems investigation and analysis
 Defines the problems and opportunities of an existing
system
V Systems design
 Determine how a new system will work to meet business
needs
V Systems implementation
 Greating and acquiring system components
defined in the design
V Systems maintenance and review
 Ghecks a modifies the system so that it continues
to meet changing business needs