PDF Da REVdoSOCCERFINAL

Conditioning for Soccer:
Scientific Basis
Adriano Vretaros
Strength and Conditioning Coach
2017
São Paulo – BRAZIL
avretaros@gmail.com
Conditioning for Soccer
Game Characteristics - I
● Open Motor Skills
● Collective and Individual Motor Actions
● Tactical Game System

Game Characteristics - II
● Intermittent Character of Efforts

● Distance Traveled (~10,4 Km - raging: 8-13
Km)
● HR (~80% HRmax)
● Various Eccentric Contractions (jumps,
abrupt stops, change of direction)
(Reilly et al, 1988)

Motor Skills
● Pass
● Dribble
● Kick
● Heading (offensive
(offensive or
or defensive)
defensive)
● Ball Control
● Disarm
Tactical Systems - I
4-4-2 4-1-3-2
4-3-3 4-2-3-1
5-3-2 4-3-2-1
4-5-1 4-1-4-1
3-5-2 And Other
Marking: Individual, Area, and\or Mixed

Tactical Systems - II
● Defensive Zone
● Offensive Zone
DZ CZ OZ
● Construction Zone
(Melo, 2000)
Tactical Systems - III
● Teaching Styles of the Tactical Systems

DIRECT INDIRECT
What \ To \ When Freedom to the Athlete
Efficient, Objective Explore and Experience
Few Interpretation Failures Try, Make Mistakes, Question
Group Control Takes Time
Little Individuality Initial Phase of Teaching
Little Creativity Challenges
(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)

Total Distance Traveled
● Mildfielders: ~10,9Km
● Defenders: ~9,8Km
● Offensive: ~10,4Km
● Goalkeepers: ~4Km
(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)

Type of Movement
●
Stationary
● Walking – 5Km\h
● Slow Running – 11Km\h
● Mean Running – 15Km\h
● Accelerate Running – 18Km\h
●
Sprint – 24Km\h
● Sprint Max – 27Km\h
● Back Running – 3-21km\h
● Side Running – 0-21Km\h
(D'Ortavio & Tranquilli, 1993)
Distances Covered (First and Second Half)
SPEED FIRST HALF SECOND HALF SIGNIFICANCE

(m) (m)
0-11 Km\h 3496+\-148 3535+\-302 P<0,05
11,1-14 Km\h 851+\-188 803+\-187 P<0,0001
14,1-19 Km\h 894+\-251 865+\-255 P<0,05
19,1-23 Km\h 304+\-118 301+\-110 NS
>23 Km\h 165+\-95 172+\-94 NS
With the Ball 104+\-62 109+\-61 NS
TOTAL 5709+\-485 5684+\-663 NS
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Distances Covered (Work Intensities)
Positions 0-11 11,1-14 14,1-19 19,1-23 >23
Km\h Km\h Km\h Km\h Km\h
Central 7080+\- 1380+\- 1257+\- 397+\- 215+\-
Defender 420 232* 244* 114* 100*
External 7012+\- 1590+\- 1730+\- 652+\- 402+\-
Defender 377 257* 262* 179* 165*
Central 7061+\- 1965+\- 2116+\- 627+\- 248+\-
Midfield 272 288* 369** 184* 116*
External 6960+\- 1743+\- 1987+\- 738+\- 446+\-
Midfield 601 309* 412** 174* 161**
Forward 6958+\- 1562+\- 1683+\- 621+\- 404+\-
438 295* 413* 161* 140**
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Bioenergetic
POSITIONS ATP-CP Anaerobic Aerobic

Lactic
Midfielder 60% 20% 20%
Winger 80% 20% 0%
Attacker 80% 20% 0%
Goalkeeper 80% 20% 0%
(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Anthropometric Profile - I
● U-20 (range
U15 – U17 – U-20 (range 12-19 years
years old)
old)
Variables GK ED CD CM EM F
Weight 67,48+\- 58,81+\- 70,03+\- 62,13+\- 58,04+\- 61,18+\-

(Kg) 11,57* 9,19 9,81* 10,27 10,76 12,08
Height 172,49+\- 167,32+\- 175,07+\- 168,25+\- 166,04+\- 168,41+\-
(cm) 8,43* 8,35 7,27* 8,39 9,52 9,68
BMI 22,53+\- 20,87+\- 22,76+\- 21,79+\- 20,87+\- 21,33+\-
(Kg.m) 2,44* 1,78 2,16* 2,18 2,41 2,36
Endo 2,91+\- 2,52+\- 2,92+\- 2,65+\- 2,36+\- 2,38+\-
0,70* 0,63 0,92* 0,66 0,63 0,64
Meso 4,11+\- 3,72+\- 4,01+\- 3,93+\- 3,75+\- 4,03+\-
0,99 0,90 1,12 0,96 0,86 1,29
Ecto 2,58+\- 3,01+\- 2,61+\- 2,64+\- 2,98+\- 2,90+\-
0,98 0,80 0,89* 0,95 1,08 0,90
(Adapted from Lago-Peñas et al, 2011)
Anthropometric Profile - II
● First Division (n=57)

VARIABLES GK Forward Midfield Defender F P
Age 25,2 22,7 23,4 23,3 -- --

(years)
Playing 14,9 13,8 12,1 13,1 -- --

Experience (y)
Body Mass 80,1* 76,8 76,1 79,1 0,6008 0,6189

(Kg)
Body Height 182,1* 179,2 179,6 182,2 0,4477 0,7205

(cm)
Fat Tissue (%) 20,2* 15,0 14,4 13,9 5,1292 0,0049
(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)

Biomotor Capabilities
●
Endurance
●
Strength
●
Speed
●
Agility
● Coordination
●
Flexibility
(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)

Endurance - I
●
ATP-CP (Resynthesis of Phosphocreatine Via)
● Anaerobic Lactic (Lactate: ~3-12 mmol\L)
● Aerobic (~70-75% VO2max)
(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)

Endurance - II
●
Acyclic and Complex Characteristics
●
Requirements of Technical Parameters, Tactical
and Psychological
● Anaerobic Power Alactic and Lactica
●
Distances: 5-30m
● Reduced Games ¨¨
(Toledo, 2013)
Endurance - III
● DIFFERENCES: playing position and playing style
CATEGORY VO2max (ml\Kg\min)
U-17 56,95+\-3,60
U-20 58,13+\-3,21
Firts Division 56,58+\-5,03
Goalkeepers ~50-55
(Adapted from Stolen

Stolen et
et al, 2005 ; Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008)
Endurance - IV
●
Youth Soccer Players
TESTS Goalkeeper Defender Midfielder Forward P
(n=10) (n=20) (n=25) (n=15)
YYIER 1548+\-695 1932+\-740 2283+\-780 1971+\-935 NS
(m)
VO2max 55,1+\-8,5 53,2+\-6,8 57,9+\-5,1 56,5+\-4,9 NS
(ml\Kg\min)
HRmax 198+\-6 197+\-8 201+\-7 204+\-7 NS
(bpm)
Running 577+\-56 585+\-79 627+\-80 593+\-71 NS
Time (s)
Body Mass 54,6+\-7,3 56,2+\-6,2 52,2+\-9,6 43,9+\-9,5 0,001**
(Kg)
(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)

Endurance - V
●
Interval Training
WORKING PERIOD GOAL
Average Duration Increase Distance Traveled

(~4min) Increase Number of Sprints
Increase Engagement with the Ball
Ball
Short Duration Increase Anaerobic Power
(~30s) Increase VO2max
Ultra Short Duration Increase Speed

(<10s) Increase Endurance Speed
(Adapted from Moreira et al, 2011)

Endurance - VI
●
Game Based Conditioning Drills
REDUCED GAMES RAST Test

(pre-post)
GROUP 01: 886,27+\-228,79 Watts
1:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:4 850,82+\-145,02 Watts

GROUP 02: 877,69+\-240,09 Watts
5:5, 6:6, 7:7 and 8:8 791,39+\-141,42 Watts
(Adapted from Fernandes & Navarro, 2014)

Strength - I
Anatomical
Adaptation METABOLIC
Adaptations
Hypertrophy
Maximum Force
NEURAL
Adaptations
Power
Strength - II
TYPE OF STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS
RELATIVE Strength Carrying Bodyweight

Acceleration
Deceleration
ABSOLUTE Strength Moving an External Force

(Opponent and \ or Ball)
(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005)

Strength - III
Tactical Function Strength Manifestations
Attackers Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,

Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,
Sprints Force
Midfielders Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force

Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints
Force, Stroke Force
Defenders Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,

Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force,
Sprints Force, Stroke Force
Goalkeepers Reactive Force, Fast Force Endurance,

Explosive Force
(Adapted from Bompa, 2001 ; Pombo, 1998)

Strength - IV
● Muscle Biopsies (MHC) – Youth Soccer Players

GROUP AGE Years of Fibers Fibers CSA P NMF Satellite
(years) Training Type I Type IIA Cells
__ __ p<0,01* 482+\ 80+\-

A 11,2+\- 3,7+\- +18,1% -182 40
0,4 1,5
__ 508+\ 97+\-
B 13,1+\- 6,6+\- +18,4% ** ___ -203 40
0,5 1,6
__ 0,05** 527+\ 87+\-
C 15,2+\- 8,0+\- - ** <p<0,00 -312 40
0,6 1,1 21,3%* 1
(Adapted from Metaxas et al, 2014)
Strength - V
●
Maximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players –– Part 1
Maximum Strength 1
Cohort GROUP T1 Front Squat T2 Front Squat Changes T1-T2
(Kg) (Kg) (%)
A (U-19) STG 53,8+\-6,8 106,2+\-10 101,6+\-43*
CG 54,5+\-6,9 65+\-10 20,9+\-22,9
B (U-17) STG 46,2+\-7,4 97,8+\-13,3 115,1+\-34,4*

CG 35,6+\-7,5 51,5+\-10,1 49,8+\-39,6
C (U-15) STG 21,4+\-8,5 81,4+\-14,4 312,5+\-

118,6*
CG 25,7+\-13,3 36,1+\-6,6 62,3+\-53,8
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)

Strength - VI
●
Maximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players - Part 2
Cohort GROUP T1 Back Squat T2 Back Squat Changes T1-T2
(Kg) (Kg) (%)
A (U-19) STG 61,2+\-10 120,4+\-11,4 101,6+\-37*
CG 69,5+\-12,9 87,7+\-10,1 29,2+\-22,7
B (U-17) STG 52+\-10,7 113+\-15,2 123+\-38,5*

CG 41,7+\-11,6 65+\-11,2 67+\-51,4
C (U-15) STG 25+\-9,6 90+\-13,5 290,9+\-

107,8*
CG 32,9+\-16,1 46,8+\-10,9 59,7+\-43,4
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)

Strength - VII
●
Two Teams – (n=29) - Norwegian Elite Division
TESTS ABSOLUTE RELATIVE

(Average Results) Strength Strength
1RM Squat 150 (17,2) 8,0 (0,9) Kg.mb
(Kg)
1RM Bench Press 79,9 (13,6) 4,4 (0,8) Kg.mb
(Kg)
Vertical Jump 54,9 (5,3) ____
(cm)
(Adapted from Wisloff et al, 1998)

Strength - VIII
● Back Squats (2s\w – 6 weeks)

1RM Back weeks) –– Youth Players
TYPE OF BEFORE AFTER Effect Size (d)

STRENGTH
ABSOLUTE 125,4+\-13,78 149,3+\-16,62* 0,62

(Kg)
RELATIVE 1,66+\-0,24 1,96+\-0,29* 0,45

(Kg.Kg.-1)
*p<0,001
(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)

Strength - IX
TESTS First Second Amateur F P

Division Division Ratio
SJ 38,48 33,86 39,83 9,71 P<0,001
(cm) (3,80) (7,47) (5,15)
CMJ 41,56 39,71 43,93 5,59 P<0,01
(cm) (4,18) (5,17) (5,65)
Ball Speed 106,37 106,94 107,77 0,19 0,83
(Km\h) (12,89) (7,52) (5,71)
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)

Strength - X
●
Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14

(n=10) (n=20) (n=25) (n=15)
Vertical 52,5+\- 54,3+\- 53,2+\- 53,9+\- NS
Jump 5,7 7,7 12,9 6,1
(cm)
Ball 73,4+\- 73,1+\- 76,3+\- 67,9+\- NS
Shooting 13,3 12,1 8,9 13,3
(Km\h)
Body 54,6+\- 56,2+\- 52,2+\- 43,9+\- 0,001**
Mass 7,3 6,2 9,6 9,5
(Kg)

Strength - XI
● Isocinetic Evaluation of Lower Limb Muscle Power

GROUP 60 degrees \ second 300 degrees \ second
Extension \ Flexion Extension \ Flexion
Defender 225+\-26,9 \ 181,2+\-181 \

Center Forward 132+\-22,7 Nm* 155,3+\-22,7 Nm
Midfielder 221,8+\-47,12 \ 185,6+\-76,5 \

139+\-29,3 Nm* 147+\-33,1 Nm
Full Back 214+\-19,72 \ 197,7+\-31,7 \

Winger 134+\-21,9 Nm 66,8+\-19,1 Nm*
(Adapted from Rinaldi

Rinaldi et
et al,
al, no
no date)
date)
Speed - I
● Perception
● Anticipation
● Reaction
SPEED
Movement
●
Endurance
Acceleration
●
Displacement
●
Speed - II
TESTS First Second Amateur F P

Division Division Ratio
10m 1,804 1,818 1,859 5,20 P<0,01
(s) (0,063) (0,058) (0,075)
30m 4,223 4,249 4,294 1,30 0,28
(s) (0,192) (0,147) (0,141)
(Adapted
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)
2001)
Speed - III
●
Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14

(n=10) (n=20) (n=25) (n=15)
10m sprint 2,06+\- 2,09+\- 2,05+\- 2,07+\- NS

(s) 0,12 0,23 0,14 0,15
30m sprint 4,92+\- 4,81+\- 4,82+\- 4,96+\- NS
(s) 0,32 0,36 0,31 0,40
Body 54,6+\- 56,2+\- 52,2+\- 43,9+\- 0,001**
Mass 7,3 6,2 9,6 9,5
(Kg)
(Adapted
2009)
Speed - IV
● 1 RM BS+RD+NL in Short Sprints (2s\w per 6 weeks)

TESTS BEFORE AFTER Effect Size (d)
(d)
5-m sprint (s) 1,11+\-0,04 1,05+\-0,03* 0,55
10-m sprint (s) 1,83+\-0,05 1,78+\-0,05* 0,45
20-m sprint (s) 3,09+\-0,07 3,05+\-0,05* 0,31
*p<0,001
(Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)
Speed - V
●
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-10 to U15)
Category 20m sprint 0-10m split 10-20m split
U-10 4,82 4,33 5,46
U-11 4,85 4,22 5,62
U-12 5,14 4,59 5,88
U-13 5,24 4,44 6,25
U-14 5,71 4,98 6,80
U-15 5,80 5,03 6,94
(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)

Speed - VI
●
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-16 to U-21)
U-16 5,99 5,15 7,35
U-17 6,33 5,43 7,52
U-18 6,21 5,38 7,63
U-19 6,47 5,46 7,87
U-20 6,43 5,59 7,75
U-21 6,25 5,38 7,81

Speed - VII
●
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-25 to U-35)
U-25 6,43 5,46 7,81
U-30 6,23 5,35 7,63
U-35 6,29 5,35 7,58

Speed - VIII
● Anaerobic Speed
Anaerobic Speed Endurance
Endurance Training
Training (2
(2 s\w
s\w –– 44 weeks)
weeks)
TRAINING YYIR-2 RST P
Speed Endurance +50,0+\-8,0%* +2,1+\-0,3% <0,001
Production (SEP)
Speed Endurance +26,0+\-5,0% +1,3+\-0,4% 0,03*
Maintenance (SEM)
TRAINING RST Fatigue Peak and ___

Index Average Speed
Speed Endurance -4,4+\-0,8 to 24,5+\-0,3 vs <0,04**
Production (SEP) 3,4+\-0,5%** 19,2+\-0,3 Km\h-1
Speed Endurance ___ 15,5+\-0,1 vs ___
Maintenance (SEM) 9,4+\-0,1 Km\h-1
(Adapted from Mohr & Krustrup, 2016)

Speed - IX
● Correlation of the Explosive Force of the Soccer Players

Lower Limbs with Sprint Speeds:
a) 10m (r=-0,74)
b)
b) 20m
20m (r=-0,73)
(r=-0,73)
c) 30m (r=-0,81)
d) 40m (r=-0,88)
(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)

Agility - I
●
Multi-directional Nature:
a) Physiological Capacities
b) Biomechanical Abilities
c) Advanced Cognitive Strategies
(Wheeler,
(Wheeler, 2009)
Agility - II
TYPES CHARACTERISTICS
SIMPLE Planned Movement
Planned Enviroment
TEMPORAL Planned Movement

Unplanned Enviroment
SPATIAL Unplanned Movement

Planned Enviroment
UNIVERSAL Unplanned Movement

Unplanned Enviroment
(Wheeler, 2009)
Agility - III
●
Multi-directional Sprints Movements:
a) Stability
b) Balance
●
Sport-specific Movements:
1) Dynamic State (Deceleration)
2)
2) Static
Static State
State (Stopping
(Stopping to
to Change
Change Direction)
Direction)
3) Dynamic State (Reacceleration)
(Lockie et al, 2016)

Agility - IV
POSITIONS 0-10m 0-20m 0-40m T-test CODAT
Anterolateral 0,157 0,149 0,446 0,502* 0,804**
Lateral 0,103 0,181 0,394 0,679** 0,547*
Posterolateral 0,232 -0,131 0,050 0,218 0,597*
Posteromedial 0,682** 0,319 0,429 0,379 0,594*
Medial 0,065 0,000 0,135 -0,109 0,176
Anteromedial 0,201 0,171 0,233 0,313 0,112
P<0,05* P<0,01**
(Adapted from Lockie et al, 2016)

Coordination
● Eye-foot
● Eye-hand
Orientation spatiotemporal
●
● Laterality
● Precision
Precision
●
Anticipatory
Anticipatory Timing
Timing
Flexibility
● Mobility
● Elasticity
a) Plastic Components
b) Elastic Components
(Dantas,
(Dantas, 1999
1999 ;; Boyle, 2015)
Physical Conditioning
● General Physical Preparation
● Physical Preparation Specific:

a) Individualized Tactic by Function
b) Team Style of Play
Training Types
● Technical
● Physical
● Technical-tactical
Technical-physical
●
Technical-tactical-physical
●
Physical Assessment - I
1) FIELD TESTING
● Endurance (VO2max, Yo-Yo test, etc)
● Strength (SJ, CMJ, HJ, DJ, SBJ, BPT, 1RM Squat, Bench Press,
Deadlift, etc)
●
Agility (10m shuttle run, Zig-zag agility, T-test, Pro-agility, etc)
● Speed (5, 10, 15, 20, 30m sprint, etc)
● Position-specific drills
● FMS + Y-Balance Test + Global Postural Analysis
2) LABORATORY TESTING
●
Isokinetic evaluation, Wingate test, Medical Injury Evaluation,
Biochemical Tests, Endocrine Tests, Dental evaluation, etc
Physical Assessment - II
●
Biochemical Tests
Hemoglobin Erythrocytes
Iron Glucose
Ferritin Parasitological Stool
Transferrin Urinalysis
Hematocrit Biological Markers
(Santos Silva et al, 1999)

Physical Assessment - III
●
Periodicity
●
Forms of Analysis
Structural Resources
●
●
Staff Resources
●
QUESTIONS:
a) What to do?
b) How to make?
c) Why do?
d) It is efficient?
Types of Fatigue - I
● Periferic Fatigue **
a) Neuromuscular ***
b) Cardiovascular *
c) Metabolic **
● Central Fatigue
(Noakes, 2000
(Noakes, 2000 ;; Mohr et al, 2005 ; Bangsbo et al, 2007)
Types of Fatigue - II
VISIBLE Acute Non- Compensatory Risk of

Fatigue residual Overreaching
Non-functional
Non- Risk of
HIDDEN Chronic Residual compensatory Overtraining
Fatigue
(Adapted from Platonov apud Vretaros, 2015)

Types of Fatigue - III
●
SYMPTOMS:
1) Physiological
2) Biochemists
2)
3) Immunological
3)
4)
4) Psychological
(Checchi, 2013)
Types of Fatigue - IV
●
MEASURING the Physiological Stress of Fatigue:
Fatigue:
a) Ck
b) Testosterone\Cortisol Ratio
c) LDH
d) Neuromuscular Tests
e) Scales of Subjective Perception
Types of Fatigue - V
● Glycogen
● Dehydration
● Proprioception
Types of Fatigue - VI
●
GLYCOGEN:
a) Fast twitch fibers (287,4+\-41,2 mmol\glucose)
b) Slow-twitch fibers (182,2+\-34,5 mmol\glucose)
(Nicholas et al, 1999)

Types of Fatigue - VII
●
DEHYDRATION:
●
(n=156) Professional Soccer Players
a) 0,6% Hydrated
b) 9,0% Minimal Dehydration
c)
c) 76,9%
76,9% Significant
Significant Dehydration
Dehydration
d) 13,5% Serious Dehydration
(Castro-Sepúlveda
(Castro-Sepúlveda et al, 2015)
Types of Fatigue - VIII
●
DEHYDRATION:
a) CMJ (-2,6%)
b) 3 sets of sprints of 30 m (-8,2%)
(Mohr et al, 2010)

Types of Fatigue - IX
●
DEHYDRATION \ HYDRATION:
a) Pre, during and post Game
b) Water,
b) Water, Carbohydrate and Electrolytes
Electrolytes
c) Hyperhydration
d) Acclimatization
e) Clothing
f) Body Weight Control
g) Urine Control
(Vretaros, 1998 ; Monteiro et al, 2003)

Types of Fatigue - X
●
PROPRIOCEPTION:
● Muscle Responses in Extremely Fast Conditions
a) Joint Stability
b) Muscle Stability
c) Proprioceptive Feedback
d) INJURIES ¨¨
(Ergen & Ulkar, 2008 ; Santos Silva et al, 2006)

Types of Fatigue - XI
● SPRINTS ABILITY
Muscle Excitability,
MUSCLE FACTORS Limitations on Energy Supply,
Accumulation of Metabolites
Neural Unit,
NEURAL FACTORS Muscle Recruitment Strategies
Regulation of Muscle Stiffness,

OTHERS Environmental Disturbances
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Biomechanics of the Kick - I
● Kinesiological Analysis: Sagittal Plane and Frontal Axis

a) Knee (sudden and rapid extension)
b) Hip Flexion
c) Contraction of the Core
c) Contraction of the Core
d) Ankle (plantar flexion)
1) Dominant Leg
2) Non-dominant Leg
2) Non-dominant Leg
(Adapted from Machado et al, 2014)

Biomechanics of the Kick - II
● Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 1
VARIABLES K-1 K-2 K-3 K-4 K-5
LAV 40,26+\- 40,06+\- 39,87+\- 39,50+\- 32,28+\-

0,43 0,53 0,50 0,51 0,46*
TAV 18,83+\ 18,80+\- 18,74+\- 18,60+\- 18,51+\-
-0,29 0,25 0,23 0,21 0,21
LM 92,13+\- 91,66+\- 91,23+\- 89,78+\- 89,26+\-
0,98 1,21 1,14 1,16* 1,05*
TM 20,58+\- 20,54+\- 20,48+\- 20,22+\- 20,12+\-
0,32 0,27 0,26 0,23 0,23
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)
Biomechanics of the Kick - III
● Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 2

VARIABLES K-6 K-7 K-8 K-9 K-10
LAV 39,04+\- 39,02+\- 38,81+\- 38,09+\- 37,67+\-

0,35* 0,29* 0,31* 0,19* 0,41*
TAV 18,23+\- 18,17+\- 18,09+\- 17,87+\- 17,67+\-
0,19* 0,34* 0,21* 0,08* 0,18*
LM 88,74+\- 88,68+\- 86,82+\- 85,21+\- 84,27+\-
0,79* 0,65* 0,69* 0,43* 0,92*
TM 19,82+\- 19,65+\- 19,56+\- 19,32+\- 19,11+\-
0,21* 0,37* 0,22* 0,08* 0,19*
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)

Injuries - I
Environment,
Playing Field,
EXTRINSIC Factors
Equipment,
Game Rules,
etc
Muscle Weakness,
Instability,
INTRINSIC Factors
Fatigue,
Lack of Flexibility
( Marujo, 2014)
Injuries - II
● In Training (54,54%)
● In Matches (45,45%)
(Nascimento
(Nascimento et
et al,
al, 2015)
Injuries - III
● Most Injuries in the Lower Limbs:
a) Knee
b) Thigh
c) Ankle
d) Fatigue Injuries
(Costa, 2011)
Injuries - IV
SLIGHT Injury 1 to 3 days of absence
MILD Injury 3 to 7 days of absence
MODERATE Injury 8 to 28 days of absence
SERIOUS Injury Above 28 days of absence
(Checchi,
(Checchi, 2013)
2013)
Injuries - V
●
Severity of Injury \ Duration of Absence Period:
1) Trauma
Trauma Severity
Severity
2) Nature of Injured Tissue
3) Intensity Cure
4) Age of Athlete
5) Treatment and Rehabilitation Particularities
6) Character the Training Activity
(Platonov,
(Platonov, 2008)
2008)
Injuries - VI
LINE PLAYERS AUTHOR

Incidence Pattern
2,42 per 1000 hours Pedrinelli et al, 2013
7,2 per 1000 hours Dias, 2011

Injuries - VII
GOALKEEPERS ENVIRONMENT
Incidence Pattern
27,9 per 1000 hours In Matches
23,6 per 1000 hours In Training
(Strand et al, 2011)

Injuries - VIII
●
Female Soccer Players
Ankle (16) Leg (02)
Shoulder (04) Ligament (10)
Hand (01) Fracture (04)
Finger (01) Dislocation (01)
Lumbar (01) Muscle (02)
Pelvis \ Sacro (01) Sprain (10)
Thigh (02) Other (03)
Knee (06) Without Diagnosis (04)
(Berredo & Malschik, 2010)
Injuries - IX
● Professional Male Soccer Players - One Season

Ankle Sprains Low Back Pain
(18.18%) (18.18%)
Thigh Distension Tendonitis
(18.18%) (9.09%)
Knee Dislocation Direct Mechanical Contact
(9.09%) (36.36%)
Knee Sprains Repetitive Overload
(18.18%) (27.27%)
Contusion Midfielders
(9,09%) (44.44%)
(Nascimento et al, 2015)
Injuries - X
●
Male Amateur Soccer Players - 01 Championship
43% Minor Injuries 10% Knee
33% Moderate Injury 10% Leg
24% Serious Injuries 10% Upper Extremities
38% Thigh 5% Foot
24% Ankle 5% Trunk
(Adapted from Zanuto et al, 2010)

Knee Injuries
●
LCA in Soccer Players
Level of Competition
Number of Matches in the
EXTERNAL Factors Season
Sports Shoes
Age, Sex
Anatomical Changes
INTERNAL Factors Joint Stability
Strength, Agility, Coordination
History of Injuries
(Fernandes, 2007)
Ankle Injuries - I
● Young Soccer Players (15-17 years old)

INCIDENCE CAUSE
36% Direct Trauma
43% Field of Play
7% Obstacles (stepping on the
ball, on the foot, etc.)
14% Body Imbalance
86% Inversion Sprains
14% Eversion Sprains
(Beirão & Marques, 2008)
Ankle Injuries - II
FUNCTION INCIDENCE
Defenders 21%
Left Lateral 7%
Midfielders 36%
Attackers 36%
(Beirão & Marques, 2008)

Hip Injuries - I
●
Pubalgia
MECHANISM CAUSE
Hip Rotators Compensatory Movements

(internal and\or external)
Shear
Hamstrings and\or Iliopsoas Shortening
Sacroiliac Joint Instability

Reduced Mobility
(Azevedo et al, 1999 ; Oliveira, 2011)

Hip Injuries - II
● MUSCLES in PUBALGIA:
a) Rectus Abdominis
b) Long Adductor
c)
c) Gluteus
Gluteus Medius
Medius
(Silva et al, 2011)

Hamstring Injuries - I
● HAMSTRING:
a) Femoral Biceps
b) Semitendinous
c)
c) Semimembranous
Semimembranous
(Kamel, 2004)
Hamstring Injuries - II
● Predominant Injury Mechanism: High-speed Running

●
Accelerations
● Decelerations
●
Eccentric Actions:
a) Hip (flexion)
b) Knee (reduction of flexion)
(Duhig et al, 2016 ; Rodrigues et al, 2007 ; Carlson, 2008)

Hamstring Injuries - III
● Balance of Musculature Index:

Index:
a) Quadriceps
b) Hamstring
● Deficit of 10%
(Gonçalves, 2000)
Hamstring Injuries - IV
●
Type of Evaluation Employed
●
Deficit of Eccentric Strength
●
Unilateral or Bilateral Deficit in quadriceps \ hamstring
ratio
●
Fatigue
Performance Level
●
(Navarro et al, 2015)

Loads versus Injuries
● SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (non-contact):

(non-contact):
1) Dose-response Relationship
2) >> 10%
2) 10% - Week-to-week
Week-to-week Change
Change
3) ACUTE Training Load
4) CHRONIC Training Load
5) PEAK Loads
6)
6) Adaptation
Adaptation to the Demands
Demands of
of Game
(Gabbett, 2015)
Injury Prevention - I
●
Injury Problems (number, incidence, time trends,
severity, consequences, impairments, disabilities and
costs)
costs)
● Etiology, Risks Factors, and Mechanisms of Injuries
●
Preventive Measure or Programme
●
Assessing
Assessing the
the Effectiveness
Effectivenessand
and
Cost
Cost Effectiveness
Effectiveness of
of the
the Preventive
Preventive Action
Action
(Adapted
(Adapted from
from Parkkari, Kujala & Kannus,
Kannus, 2001)
2001)
Injury Prevention - II
Injured
Soccer Player
Examinations,
Sports Diagnostic Evaluation,
Medicine Physician Treatment Indication
Rehabilitation,
Sports Functional Reevaluation
Physiotherapist of the Injured Limb
Muscle-functional
Physical Adaptation for Sport,
Preparation Coach Specific Physical Conditioning
(Adapted from Vretaros, 2002

2002 ;; Vretaros, 2015)
Injury Prevention - III
● Anamnesis
● Injury History
Mapping of the Most Common Injuries
●
● Tests
Injury Prevention - IV
● Inspection
● Physical Exam
Diagnostic Testing
●
(De Francesco & Inesta, 2012)

Injury Prevention - V
● FIFA 11+ :
a) Strength Exercises
b) Plyometrics
c) Core
d) Stability
(Costa, 2012)
Injury Prevention - VI
Warm up Movement
Learning
Proprioception
Mobility
CORE
Stability
Strength
Power
Injury Prevention - VII
●
ADDITIONAL THERAPIES:
a) Pilates
b) Yoga
c) Chiropractic
d)
d) Global
Global Posture
Posture Reeducation
Reeducation
e) Rolfing
f) And others
Periodization - I
MODELS CHARACTERISTICS
Classic Linear, Multifaceted, Long Periods

Undulatory Variations
PEAK: competitive period
Conjugated Phase 1: Accumulation
Phase 2: Transmutation
Phase 3: Realization
Tactic Technical and Tactical Situations
Transfer of Fractual Organization
Game Model: Ensure Complexity
(Pivetti, 2012 ; Borges, 2014 ; Haff & Haff, 2015)

Periodization - II
MACROCYCLE
MESOCYCLE
MICROCYCLE
TRAINING
UNIT
Periodization - III
●
MICROCYCLE:
●
~ 1 week – Types:
a) Incorporation
b) Ordinary
c) Shock
d) Precompetitive
e) Competitive
f) Recuperative
g) Control (Dantas, 2014)
Periodization - IV
●
LOAD CONTROL:
1) Volume
2) Intensity
3) Density
4) Complexity
(Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Periodization - V
Five Championships in the Season
ANNUAL SEASON REGENERATIVE PHYSICAL Technical-Tactical-

TRAINING TRAINING Training
1 game per week at 17 training units 17 training units 85 training units

17 weeks
2 games per week 50 training units ____ 75 training units

at 25 weeks
TOTAL: 42 weeks Total: 67 training Total: 17 training Total: 160 training

Mean of 67 games units units units
(Carravetta, 2012)
2012)
Periodization - VI
Three Championships in the Season
ANNUAL SEASON REGENERATIVE PHYSICAL Technical-Tactical-

TRAINING TRAINING Training
1 game per week at 28 training units 56 training units 112 trainng units
28 weeks
2 games per week 28 training units ___ 70 training units

at 14 weeks
TOTAL: 42 weeks TOTAL: 56 training TOTAL: 56 training TOTAL: 182

and 56 games units units training units
(Carravetta, 2012)
Periodization - VII
● U-15 – Traditional Periodization

P1 P2 P3 P4
PHYSICAL 54% 31% 43% 18%
TECHNIQUE 28% 37% 30% 38%
TACTIC 18% 32% 27% 44%
Total Hours 59,4 45,7 41,6 65,1
Number of 7 6 5 9
Microcycles
Mean Hours \ 8,5 7,6 8,3 7,3
Microcycle
Mean Hours \ 1,7 1,5 1,7 1,5
Session
(Alves et al, 2009)

Periodization - VIII
MONTHS DURATION Intensity % HR max
(minutes) Training Sessions
● Professional Soccer Players
January 3287 76,89
February 1829 80,05
March 1062 73.01
April 1761 82,26
May 2575 80,24
June 2100 80,98
July 1680 81,32
August 2175 78,04
September 1425 71,31
October 2085 79,86
November 1955 81,39
Mean 1994+\-586,15 79,40+\-2,62
(Oaks & Simali-Garcia, 2013)

Periodization - IX
● Professional Soccer Players

Type of Session Weekly Frequency WF -
Training Length Variation
T1 - T2 T2 - T3 T1-T2 to T2-T3
Recovery 30 min 4 2 -50%
Aerobic 60 min 4 2 -50%
Specific Soccer 30 min 2 4 +100%
Specific Speed 40 min 2 4 +100%
Tactical 30 min 2 4 +100%
Technique 40 min 2 4 +100%
Friendly Match 60 min 3 3 0%
Recreative 60 min 1 1 0%
(Ramos da Silva et al, 2006)
Periodization - X
PERIODIZATION
TACTIC
Game
Model
Tactical = Physical +
Central Technique =
Component Subordinate
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012 ; Silva et al, 2009)

Periodization - XI
PERIODIZATION TACTIC
FORMAL GAME
Open System
Dynamic
Complex
Not Linear
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012)

Periodization - XII
GAME MODEL
+
Great Principles
Subprinciples
Sub-principles of Sub-principles
Morphocycle of Preparation
Structure + Function + Evolution
(Adapted from Martins, 2003 ; Pivetti, 2012)
Periodization - XIII
PERIODIZATION TACTIC
Organizational Pattern
Producing Diversity of Responses
Transfer Emergencies to Complex Units

+
Technique + Tactics + Physical +
Psychological
(Adapted from Scaglia, 2011 ; Silva et al, 2009)

Recovery & Regeneration - I
● ACTIVE Recovery
● PASSIVE Recovery
Recovery & Regeneration - II
Cryotherapy Slowdown Active
Magnetotherapy Acupuncture
Thermotherapy Sleep
Compression Garment Cupping Therapy
Hyperoxia Therapy Nutrition
Electrostimulation And Others
(Gill et al, 2006 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Vretaros, 2015)

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Conditioning for Soccer:

● Open Motor Skills

● Collective and Individual Motor Actions

● Tactical Game System

● Intermittent Character of Efforts

(Reilly et al, 1988)

3-5-2 And Other

Marking: Individual, Area, and\or Mixed

● Teaching Styles of the Tactical Systems

Efficient, Objective Explore and Experience

Few Interpretation Failures Try, Make Mistakes, Question

Group Control Takes Time

Little Individuality Initial Phase of Teaching

Little Creativity Challenges

(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)

(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)

SPEED FIRST HALF SECOND HALF SIGNIFICANCE

0-11 Km\h 3496+\-148 3535+\-302 P<0,05

11,1-14 Km\h 851+\-188 803+\-187 P<0,0001

14,1-19 Km\h 894+\-251 865+\-255 P<0,05

19,1-23 Km\h 304+\-118 301+\-110 NS

>23 Km\h 165+\-95 172+\-94 NS

With the Ball 104+\-62 109+\-61 NS

TOTAL 5709+\-485 5684+\-663 NS

(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

POSITIONS ATP-CP Anaerobic Aerobic

Winger 80% 20% 0%

Attacker 80% 20% 0%

Goalkeeper 80% 20% 0%

(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Weight 67,48+\- 58,81+\- 70,03+\- 62,13+\- 58,04+\- 61,18+\-

● First Division (n=57)

Age 25,2 22,7 23,4 23,3 -- --

Playing 14,9 13,8 12,1 13,1 -- --

Body Mass 80,1* 76,8 76,1 79,1 0,6008 0,6189

Body Height 182,1* 179,2 179,6 182,2 0,4477 0,7205

Fat Tissue (%) 20,2* 15,0 14,4 13,9 5,1292 0,0049

(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)

(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)

● Anaerobic Lactic (Lactate: ~3-12 mmol\L)

● Aerobic (~70-75% VO2max)

(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)

● DIFFERENCES: playing position and playing style

CATEGORY VO2max (ml\Kg\min)

Firts Division 56,58+\-5,03

(Adapted from Stolen

(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)

Average Duration Increase Distance Traveled

Ultra Short Duration Increase Speed

(Adapted from Moreira et al, 2011)

REDUCED GAMES RAST Test

GROUP 01: 886,27+\-228,79 Watts

1:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:4 850,82+\-145,02 Watts

5:5, 6:6, 7:7 and 8:8 791,39+\-141,42 Watts

(Adapted from Fernandes & Navarro, 2014)

TYPE OF STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS

RELATIVE Strength Carrying Bodyweight

ABSOLUTE Strength Moving an External Force

(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005)

Tactical Function Strength Manifestations

Attackers Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration,

Midfielders Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force

p<0,01* 482+\ 80+\-