System Noise

Temperature SHRUTI SONI

ECE-6th Sem.
CO17554
 CONTENTS

1 ●
Noise Temperature

2 Calculation of System Noise Temperature

●

3 ●
Noise model of Receiver

4 ●
Conclusion
Overview
NOISE TEMPERATURE
• Noise temperature is useful concept in communication receivers,
since it provides a way of determining how much thermal noise is
OVERVIEW generated by active and passive devices in the receiving system i.e.
 It specifies the system's inherent noise characteristics.

•It is also called effective input noise temperature of the receiver.

•It is defined as the noise temperature of a noise source located at the
DEFINITION input of a noiseless receiver which will produce the same
contribution to the receiver output noise as the internal noise of the
actual system itself.

•The major source of electrical noise in equipment is from the

random thermal motion of electrons in various resistive and active
devices in the receiver.
SOURCES •Thermal noise is also generated in the lossy components of
antennas and thermal like noise is picked up by the antennas as
radiation.
Overview NOISE TEMPERATURE
The available Noise Power from a Thermal Noise Source is
given by:

Pn=k TsBn
Where
 k=Boltzmann’s constant(1.39x10-23 J/K OR -228.6 dBW/K/Hz
FORMULA  Ts=Equivalent temperature of source (in Kelvin degrees)
 Bn=Equivalent noise bandwidth in which the noise power
is measured(in hertz ).
 Pn= available Noise Power (in watts), and will be
delivered only to a load that is impedance matched to the
noise source.
 kTs= Noise Power Spectral Density (in watts/Hz),
constant upto 300GHz
 NOISE TEMPERATURE
To determine the performance of a receiving system we need to be able to find the Total
Thermal Noise Power against which the signal must be demodulated.
The noise power at the demodulator input is given by:
Pno =k Ts Bn Grx Watts Grx = gain of the receiver
Bn = from RF input to
Narrowest bandwidth demodulator input

The noise power referred to the input of the receiver is Pn where Pn =k Ts Bn Watts

The signal power at the demodulator input is Pr Grx watts, representing the power
contained in the carrier and sidebands after amplification and frequency conversion
within the receiver. Hence, the carrier-to-noise ratio at the demodulator is given by

So we can calculate C/N ratios for our receiving terminals at the antenna output port.
CALCULATION OF SYSTEM NOISE
TEMPERATURE

Fig 1: Simplified Earth station receiver

 CALCULATION OF SYSTEM NOISE
TEMPERATURE

Fig 2: Double conversion Earth station receiver. The first down conversion shifts signals in a 500
MHz band to the first IF range 900-1400MHz. The second down converters has a tunable local
oscillator and channel selection filter to select the wanted transponder signal on the second IF
centred at 70 MHz
REPLACING noisy amplifiers and down converters by
noiseless units and equivalent noise generators at their inputs
 NOISE MODEL OF RECEIVER

The noisy amplifiers and down converters have been replaced by noiseless units with
equivalent noise generators at their inputs
The total Noise Power at the input of the IF Amplifier of the receiver is given by:

Pn= Gif kTifBn + GifGmkTmBn + GifGmGrfkBn (Trf+Tin)

Where Gif , Gm & Grf are the gains of IF amplifier, mixer and RF amplifier
Tif , Tm & Trf are the equivalent noise temperature
 NOISE MODEL OF RECEIVER

Pn= Gif kTifBn + GifGmkTmBn + GifGmGrfkBn (Trf+Tin)

Above equation can be rewritten as :

 NOISE MODEL OF RECEIVER
FIG. A FIG. B

The single source of noise shown in figure (b) with noise temperature Ts generates the
same noise power Pn at its output if
The noise power at the output of the noise model in figure b will be the same as the noise
power at the output of the noise model in fig (a) if

So the equivalent noise source in figure (b) has a system noise temperature Ts where
 CONCLUSION
1. Noise temperature specifies the system's inherent noise characteristics.
2. It is defined as the noise temperature of a noise source located at the input of a
noiseless receiver which will produce the same contribution to the receiver
output noise as the internal noise of the actual system itself .
3. FORMULAS:
Noise Power from a Thermal Noise Pn=k TsBn
Source

Noise Power at the demodulator input Pno =k Ts Bn Grx Watts

Carrier-to-Noise Ratio at the

demodulator

Total Noise Power at the input of the IF Pn= Gif kTifBn + GifGmkTmBn + GifGmGrfkBn
Amplifier of the receiver
(Trf+Tin)
System Noise Temperature