LESSON 16

West Asia—Land of Contrast

 Direct Speech

•In the English language, there

are two ways of conveying what
someone else has said:
•direct/quoted speech and
•indirect/reported speech.
 Direct Speech
What is it?
Direct/quoted speech, involves quoting the
exact words uttered by the person, within
inverted commas or quotation marks.

2nd September 2012 Anne said, “I will

be coming home
tonight”.

statement
Indirect Speech
Indirect/reported speech, on the other hand,
does not have to be within quotes or reported
word-to- word. In fact, unless one is relaying the
exact words spoken, one should never use
quotation marks.
5th September 2012 She said that she
would be coming
home that night.

statement
 Indirect Speech of
Exclamatory Sentences
•Sentence which expresses state of joy
or sorrow or wonder is called
exclamatory sentence.
•For example.
• Hurrah! We won the match.
• Alas! I failed the test.
• Wow! What a nice shirt it is.
To change such sentences, the words “exclaimed with
joy” or “exclaimed with sorrow” or “exclaimed with
wonder” is added in the reporting verb depending upon
the nature of exclamatory sentence in indirect speech.
Direct speech Indirect Speech
He said, “Hurrah! I won He exclaimed with joy
a prize” that he had won a prize.

She said, “Alas! I failed She exclaimed with sorrow

in exam” that she failed in the exam.
John exclaimed with
John said, “Wow! What a
wonder that it was a
nice shirt it is”
nice shirt
 •A sentence which expresses command,
Indirect request, advice or suggestion is called
imperati ve sentence.
Speech of •For example,
Imperative • Open the door.
Sentence • Please help me.
• Learn your lesson.
To change such sentences into indirect speech,the word
“ordered” or “requested” or “advised” or “suggested” or

Direct Indirect Speech •“forbade” or “not to do” is

speech added to reporting verb
He said to me, “please He requested me to help depending upon nature of
help me”. him.
She said to him, “you He sug gested him to
imperative sentence in
should work work hard reported speech.
hard for exam”. for exam.
•Examples
They said to him, “do not They said to him n o t t o
tell a lie”. tell a lie.
He said, “open the door”. He ordered to open the
door.
The teacher said to The teacher advised
student, “do not the students not to
waste time”. waste time.
 Indirect Speech for Interrogative
(Question) Sentence

•For changing interrogative (question)

sentence into indirect speech we have to
observe the nature of question and then
change it into indirect speech according to it
rules for indirect speech.
•A question can be of two types:
• One type which can be answered in only
YES or NO and
• Other type which needs a little bit
explanation for its answer and cannot
be answered in only YES or NO.
For example:
•Direct speech: They said to me,
“did u go to school?”
•Indirect Speech: They asked me if I
had gone to school.
How to Use Reported Speech
When we use reported speech, we are usually
talking about the past.
Therefore, verbs usually change to the past tense
in reported speech.

For example:
 am / become was
is
are become were

have/has become had

can/can’ become could/couldn’t

t
will/won’t become would/wouldn’t
 Tense Change in Indirect Speech
Present simple tense Past simple
Present Continuous tense Past continuous
Present Perfect tense Past perfect
Present Perfect Past perfect continuous
Continuous
Past Simple INTO Past Perfect
Past Continuous  Past Perfect Continuous
Future simple, will would
Future Continuous, would be
will be
Future Perfect, will have would have
Changes in Time and Adverbs in
Indirect Speech
Changes to
Today that day/the same day
Tomorrow the next day/the following day
Yesterday the day before/the previous day
Next week/month/year the following week/month/year
Last week/month/year the previous week/month/year
Now/just then
Ago before
Here there
This that
SPORTS WRITING FOR THE CAMPUS
JOURNALIST
 What is Sports Writing?

• Telling a sports story through the use of a

journalistic writing method
• One of the most popular forms of modern
journalistic writing
• While many can talk about sports, there are
only few who can write a sports story
• It takes more than just answering the 5 W’s
and 1 H to be able to come up with a
comprehensive sports news story
 Tarlac City— Tarlac National High School, behind the remarkable performances of Frank Bonus and Empoy
Emperador, engaged in a shoot-out of sorts with Mindoro National High School before squeaking out with
a close 60-58 win in the National Highschools Basketball Cup Finals at the Tarlac State University gym here,
Tuesday.

Bonus scored 21 points to lead TNHS and Emperador 13 points – including the decisive baskets in the closing
seconds of the 4th quarter.

The game started in a roller-coaster encounter that saw the first half end 28-27 with Tarlac hanging on a slim
lead.

The 2nd half was still close as Mindoro HS took the lead with two minutes to go, but Bonus displayed
composure as he connected with a three-pointer as time expired to give TNHS the lead, 54-53.

The big plays seemed to come in the last quarter of action as Mindoro shooting guard Paul Corpuz ties the
game at 58-all with 15 seconds to go. TNHS coach Michael Harrow then calls for a time-out to draw out
the probable game-winner.

In the ensuing inbound, Emperador fished-out a foul with 10 seconds left and split his charities for the lead,
100-98.

Mindoro’s top scorer Cesar Diaz refused to give up on the final possession but his desperation jump-shot
clanked out helplessly away from the rim. He finished with 22 points on top of 6 assists.

“Faith carried us through this game, our players all showed heart and they never gave up,” said coach
Harrow
after the game.

Box scores:
TNHS (60)—Bonus 21, Emperador, 13, Magusib, 12, Mercado 6, Aguinaldo 4, Martinez 2, Cabanlong 2, Ong
0,
Lim 0, Gumaru 0.
 Sports Writing Structure

A sports story has a lead and

a body.

LEAD - the attention-getter

BODY - the news in a nut-shell.
 Lead Components in Sports Writing
1. Who won?
2. How did they win?
3. Against whom?
4. By what score?
5. Where?
6. When?

e.g.
The Torres High School Quintet (1) poured 10 baskets
in the last three minutes (2) to edge out the
Osmenians (3) 65-63 (4) at the opponents’
homeground (5) on Wednesday (6).
Other Elements for the Sports Lead
1. THE KEY PLAY
e.g.
San Manuel, Tarlac—The defending champion
PWU sluggers bombed the USST batters with
six runs in the third inning to subdue a nerve-
racking USST rally, 14-12, as they clinched the
invitational game here, in connection with the
celebration of the school’s 14th Foundation
Day.
Other Elements for the Sports Lead
2. THE OUTSTANDING PLAYER
e.g.
Marietta Ancheta of Ateneo de Maliwalo, after
almost four hours of battle over the
chessboard, copped the most coveted YMCA
trophy after outwitting Philippine Science High
School chesser William Santos in 27 moves of
a Sicilian defense.
Other Elements for the Sports Lead
3. ANALYTICAL APPROACH
e.g.
Riding high on sizzling spikes and tricky
placing, the spitfire Ednor Colleges blasted the
Ateneo Blue Eagles in the crucial third set to
win 15-10, 11-15, 15-7 in the All-Prestigious
Athletics Meet (APAM) at the Sacred Heart
School in Cebu, Monday evening.
 The Body
After the lead, the other elements follow in
descending order:

1. Team and/or individual standing

2. Decisive plays
3. Best scores for the day
4. Play-by-play
5. Quotations
Elements that make up a good Sports
Article:
1. Personalities
2. Play-by-play description
3. Statistics and comparisons
4. Quotes by players
5. Quotes by trainers and coaches
6. Background stuff on players
7. The importance or significance of the event
8. Background of the game
9. Weather conditions
10. Crowd and celebration
 Tips in Writing Sports

Have a good working knowledge of the

sports you want to write about.
Know the rules of the game and be able to
follow the action.
Read, read, read.
 Tips in Writing Sports

Attend a live sporting event and experience

the excitement of the game.
It can be so much easier to write an article
about a player or a game that you witness
firsthand.
 Tips in Writing Sports

Make notes of the points you want to cover

in your article before you begin to write.
Creating an outline can help organize your
thoughts and provide a structure for your
writing.
 Tips in Writing Sports

Check your facts on the players and teams that you

profile in your articles.
Double check the spelling of any unusual or difficult last
names.
Be sure that the statistics about the teams' playing
records are accurate.
 Tips in Writing Sports
Remain courteous and unbiased when
writing about sports.
It is acceptable to say that a particular athlete
did not have a good game because of errors
she made.
Saying that she is a terrible player and the
other team or opponent is the best is poor
sportsmanship.
 Tips in Writing Sports

Proofread your sports article when you are

finished writing.

Rework any awkward passages and make

corrections to typing errors.
 Effective Sports Writing
• Have a strong lead.
• Write clearly and concisely.
• Know the context.
• Give the major play-by-play.
• Use quotes as often as possible.
• Check your facts.