Multiple Access Techniques For Wireless Communications: 2005/07/06 Weng Chien-Erh

Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless
Communications
2005/07/06
Weng Chien-Erh
Wireless Access Tech.
Lab.
Table of Contents(1)
 Introduction
 FDMA
 TDMA
 CDMA
 SS (Spread Spectrum)
 FHSS
 DSSS
 Hybrid
CCU
Wireless Access Tech. Lab.
Lab.
Table of Contents(2)
 Packet Radio
 Pure ALOHA
 Slotted ALOHA
 CSMA
 Reservation Protocol
 Reservation-ALOHA
 PRMA
 NC-PRMA
CCU
Lab.
Introduction (1)
 Multiple Access:
 Enable many mobile users to share simultaneously radio
spectrum.
 Provide for the sharing of channel capacity between a

number of transmitters at different locations.
 Aim to share a channel between two or more signals in

such way that each signal can be received without
interference from another.
CCU
Lab.
Introduction (2)
CCU
Lab.
Introduction (3)
 In conventional telephone systems, it is possible to

talk and listen simultaneously, called duplexing.
 Duplexing
 Allow the possibility of talking and listening simultaneously
.
 Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
 Provides two distinct bands of frequencies for every user
 Time Division Duplex (TDD)

 Multiple users share a signal channel by taking turns in time domain
 Each duplexing channel has both a forward time slot and a reverse time
slot to facilitate bidirectional communication.
CCU
Lab.
Introduction (4)
CCU
Lab. Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA) (1)
 Each transmitter is allocated a channel with a

particular bandwidth.
 All transmitters are able to transmit

simultaneously.
CCU
(FDMA) (2)
 Allocation of separate channels to FDMA signals
CCU
(FDMA) (3)
 Time-frequency characteristic of FDMA
CCU
(FDMA) (4)
 Features of FDMA
 If an FDMA channel is not in sue, then it sits idle and can’t
be used by other users.
 Transmit simultaneously and continuously.
 FDMA is usually implemented in narrowband systems.

 Its symbol time is large as compared to the average delay spread.
CCU
(FDMA) (5)
 Features of FDMA (Cont.)

 For continuous transmission, fewer bits are needed for
overhead purposes (such as synchronization and framing
bits) as compared to TDMA.
 FDMA uses duplexers since both TX and RX operate at

the same time.
CCU
Lab.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) (1)
 Transmitter share a common channel.
 Only one transmitter is allowed to transmit at a

time.
 Synchronous TDMA: access to the channel is restricted to
regular.
 Asynchronous TDMA: a station may transmit at any time
that the channel is free.
CCU
Lab.
 Allocation of time slot in TDMA
CCU
Lab.
 Time-frequency characteristic of synchronous

TDMA
CCU
Lab.
 Features of TDMA (Cont.)
 TDMA systems divide the radio spectrum into time slots.

 Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time slot.
 Transmit data in a buffer-and-burst method, thus the

transmission for any user is not continuous.
 TDMA has TDD and FDD modes.
CCU
Lab.
 TDMA Frame Structure
CCU
Lab.
 TDMA Frame Structure (Cont.)

 In TDMA, the preamble contains the address and
synchronization information that both the base station
and the mobiles use to identify each other.
 Different TDMA standards have different TDMA frame

structures.
CCU
Lab.
 Features of TDMA (Cont.)
 Share a single carrier frequency with several users.
 Data transmission is not continuous, but occurs in bursts.
 No duplexers is required since users employ different

time slots for transmission and reception.
 TDMA can allocate different numbers of time slots per

frame to different users, allowing bandwidth be supplied
on demand to different users.
CCU
Lab.
 Combined used of synchronous TDMA and FDMA
CCU
Lab.
 Asynchronous TDMA: Carrier-Sense Multiple

Access (CSMA)
 Allows a transmitter to access the channel at any time
that is not being used by another transmitter.
CCU
Lab.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) (1)
 Transmitter may transmit at the same time, in the

same channel.
 Each signal is modified by spreading it over a large

bandwidth.
 This spreading occurs by combining the transmitter signal
with a spreading sequence.
CCU
Lab.
CCU
Lab.
 example
CCU
Lab.
 Features of CDMA
 Many users of a CDMA system share the same frequency.
 The symbol (chip) duration is very short and usually much

less than the channel delay spread.
 The near-far problem occurs at a CDMA RX if an

undesired user has a high detected power as compared to
the desired user.
CCU
Lab.
Frequency Hopping (1)
 Frequency hopping is a form of FDMA
 Each transmitter is allocated a group of channels,

known as hop set .
 The transmitter transmits data in short bursts,

choosing one of these channels on which to
transmit each burst.
CCU
Lab.
 Time-frequency characteristic of a single

transmitter.
CCU
Lab.
 Signal received form a pair of frequency-hopping

transmitters.
CCU
Lab.
Time Hopping (1)
 Each bit is transmitted as a single pulse, with the v

alue of j-th bit determined by whether it arrives b
efore or after the reference time tj.
CCU
Lab.
Time Hopping (2)
 TH-PPM
 
Ns 1
Str  t     wtr t  iTs  jT f  ciN s  jTc  d i 
i j 0
Tc
t
Tf
Ts
User1 : C(1)=[1 0 0 2] d1=0
User2 : C(2)=[0 1 2 0] d2=1
User3 : C(3)=[2 2 1 1] d3=0
CCU
Lab.
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (1)
 A transmission technique in which a PN code,

independent of information data, is employed as a
modulation waveform to “spread” the signal energy
over a bandwidth much greater than the signal
information bandwidth.
 At the receiver the signal is “despread” using a

synchronized replica of the PN code.
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

CCU
Lab.

 A carrier is modulated by a digital code in which the code
bit rate is much larger than the information signal bit
rate. These systems are also called pseudo-noise systems.
 Also called code division multiple access (CDMA)
 A short code system uses a PN code length equal to a

data symbol.
 A long system uses a PN code length that is much longer

than a data symbol.
CCU
Lab.
CCU
Lab.
 Basic principle of DSSS

 For BPSK modulation
CCU
Lab.

 It divides available bandwidth into N channels and hops
between these channels according to the PN sequence.
 Fast hopping
 Slow hopping
CCU
Lab.
CCU
Lab.
 Modulation
CCU
Lab.
CCU
Lab.
CCU
Lab.
 Performance in the presence of interference

 Narrowband interference
 Wideband interference
 Gaussian noise
CCU
Lab.
CCU
Lab.
 Narrowband interference
CCU
Lab.
 Wideband interference
CCU
Lab.
 Gaussian noise
CCU
Lab.
 Hybrid FDMA/CDMA (FCDMA):

 The available wideband spectrum is divided into a number of
subspectras with smaller bandwidths.
 Each of these smaller suchannels becomes a narrowband CD
MA system having processing gain lower than the original CD
MA system.
CCU
Lab.
 Hybrid Direct Sequence/Frequency Hopped Multiple

Access (DS/FHMA)
 This technique consists of a direct sequence modulated
signal whose center frequency is made to hop periodically in
a pseudorandom fashion.
 Having an advantage in that they avoid the near-far effect.
CCU
Lab.
 Time Division Frequency Hopping (TDFH)

 The subscriber can hop to a new frequency at the start of a
new TDMA frame.
 Has been adopted in GSM.
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (1)
 In packet radio (PR) access techniques, many subscribers attempt to

access a single channel in an uncoordinated (or minimally coordinated
manner.
 Collision from the simultaneous transmissions of multiple

transmitters are detected at the BS, in which case an ACK or NACK
signal is broadcast by the BS to alert the desired user of received
transmission.
 PR multiple access is very easy to implement but has low spectral

efficiency and may include delays.
 The subscribers use a contention technique to transmit on a

common channel.
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (2)
 ALOHA protocols, developed for early satellite systems, allow

each subscriber to transmit whenever they have data to sent.
 The transmitting subscribers listen to the acknowledgement

feedback to determine if transmission has been successful or
not.
 If a collision occurs, the subscriber waits a random amount of

time, and then transmits the packet.
 The performance of contention techniques can be evaluated by

throughput (T), which is defined as the average number of
message successfully transmitted per unit time, and the average
delay (D) experienced by a typical message burst.
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (3)
 Packet Radio Protocols
 V p , vulnerable period is defined as

the time interval during which the
packets are susceptible to
collisions with transmission form
other user.
 Packet A suffer a collision if

other terminals transmit packets
during the period t1 to t1  2
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (4)
 Assume that packet transmissions occur with Poisson distribution ha

ving mean arrival rate of packets per second
 and is the packet d
y

uration in seconds. The traffic occupancy or throughput R is given b
.
R  
 R is the normalized channel traffic (measured in Erlangs) and if R > 1
, then the packets generated by the users exceed the maximum tran
smission rate of the channel. For reasonable throughput, 0 < R < 1.
 Under normal loading, the throughput T is the same as the total off
ered load L.
 The load L is the sum of the newly generated packets and the retran
smitted packets that suffered collisions.
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (5)
 The normal throughput is given as the total offered load times

the probability of successful transmission, i.e.
T  R Pr[nocollision ]   Pr[nocollision ]
 The probability that n packets are generated by the user

population during a given packet duration interval is assumed to
Poisson distributed and is given as
e R
Pr( n ) 
n!
 The probability that zero packets are generated (i.e., no
collision) during this interval is given by
Pr(0)  e  R
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (6)
 Type of Access
 Contention protocols are categorized as:
 Random Access: there is no coordination among that users and t
he messages are transmitted from the users as they arrive at t
he transmitter.
 Scheduled Access: based on a coordinated access of users on t

he channel and the users transmit messages within allotted slot
s or time intervals.
 Hybird Access: a combination of random access and scheduled.
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (7)
 Pure ALOHA
 The pure ALOHA protocol is random access protocol used for
data transfer and a user accesses a channel as soon as a
message is ready to be transmitted.
 After a transmission, the user waits for an acknowledgment on
either the same channel or a separate feedback channel.
 In case of collisions, the terminal waits for a random period of
time and retransmits the message.
 For pure ALOHA, the vulnerable period is double the packet
duration: ,
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (8)
 Slotted ALOHA
 In slotted ALOHA, time is divided into equal time slots of
length greater than the packet duration .
 The subscribers each have synchronized clocks and transmit
a message only at the beginning of a new time slot.
 The vulnerable period of slotted ALOHA is only one packet
duration, since partial collisions are prevented through
synchronization.
 The probability that no other packets
R
will be generated
during the vulnerable period is e .
 The throughput for the case of slotted ALOHA is thus given
by T  Re  R .
CCU
Lab.
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (9)
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

 CSMA protocols are based on the fact that each terminal on
the network is able to monitor the status of the channel
before transmitting information.
 In CSMA, detection delay and propagation delay are two

important parameters.
 Detection delay is a function of he receiver hardware and is the
time required for a terminal to sense whether or not the
channel is idle.
 Propagation delay is a relative measure of how fast it takes for
a packet to travel from a BS to a MS.
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (10)
 Several variations of the CSMA strategy

 1-persistent CSMA
 Non-persistent CSMA
 p-persistent CSMA
 CSMA/CD
 Data sense multiple access(DSMA)
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (11)
Reservation Protocols
 Reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA)
 R-ALOHA is a packet scheme based on time division multiplexing.
 Two phase: contention phase and transmission phase
 Mobiles contend the channel in reservation phase (slotted-ALOHA)
 Mobiles that succeed in making reservation can transmit without interference
Frame N
ACK B-M B-M ... ACK
M-B M-B ...

Reservation Transmission
phase phase
CCU
Lab.
Packet Radio (12)
 PRMA (Packet Reservation Multiple Access)

 A combination of TDMA and reservation ALOHA
 Ask channel resource in the talkspurt
 Release channel resource in the silent gap
 Permission probability Effect of voice activity detector
Frame N
B->M ACK B->M ACK ........... B->M ACK
M->B M->B ... M->B
CCU

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Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless

 Provide for the sharing of channel capacity between a

 Aim to share a channel between two or more signals in

 In conventional telephone systems, it is possible to

 Time Division Duplex (TDD)

 Each transmitter is allocated a channel with a

 All transmitters are able to transmit

 Allocation of separate channels to FDMA signals

 Time-frequency characteristic of FDMA

 Transmit simultaneously and continuously.

 FDMA is usually implemented in narrowband systems.

 Features of FDMA (Cont.)

 FDMA uses duplexers since both TX and RX operate at

 Transmitter share a common channel.

 Only one transmitter is allowed to transmit at a

 Allocation of time slot in TDMA

 Time-frequency characteristic of synchronous

 Features of TDMA (Cont.)

 TDMA systems divide the radio spectrum into time slots.

 Transmit data in a buffer-and-burst method, thus the

 TDMA has TDD and FDD modes.

 TDMA Frame Structure

 TDMA Frame Structure (Cont.)

 Different TDMA standards have different TDMA frame

 Features of TDMA (Cont.)

 Share a single carrier frequency with several users.

 Data transmission is not continuous, but occurs in bursts.

 No duplexers is required since users employ different

 TDMA can allocate different numbers of time slots per

 Combined used of synchronous TDMA and FDMA

 Asynchronous TDMA: Carrier-Sense Multiple

 Transmitter may transmit at the same time, in the

 Each signal is modified by spreading it over a large

 The symbol (chip) duration is very short and usually much

 The near-far problem occurs at a CDMA RX if an

 Frequency hopping is a form of FDMA

 Each transmitter is allocated a group of channels,

 The transmitter transmits data in short bursts,

 Time-frequency characteristic of a single

 Signal received form a pair of frequency-hopping

 Each bit is transmitted as a single pulse, with the v

 A transmission technique in which a PN code,

 At the receiver the signal is “despread” using a

 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

 Also called code division multiple access (CDMA)

 A short code system uses a PN code length equal to a

 A long system uses a PN code length that is much longer

 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

 Basic principle of DSSS

 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

 Performance in the presence of interference

 Hybrid FDMA/CDMA (FCDMA):

 Hybrid Direct Sequence/Frequency Hopped Multiple

 Time Division Frequency Hopping (TDFH)

 In packet radio (PR) access techniques, many subscribers attempt to

 Collision from the simultaneous transmissions of multiple

 PR multiple access is very easy to implement but has low spectral

 The subscribers use a contention technique to transmit on a

 ALOHA protocols, developed for early satellite systems, allow