?
? ?


?

I N C L U D E S B E R Y L L I U M , M AG N E S I U M , C AL C I U M ,
S T R O N T I U M , B AR I U M , AN D R AD I U M .
 m
? m m

 Most have a silvery-white, metallic appearance. When

exposed to oxygen, a thin oxide coating forms on the
surface.
 Are harder, denser, and
stronger than many of the
group 1 elements, but are still
relatively soft compared to other
metals.
 Most have higher melting points
and boiling points than alkali metals.
 Has an oxidation number of +2, making them very
reactive. Because of their reactivity, these metals are not
found free in nature.
 ? m m

 Each element in group 2 has two valence

electrons and an electron configuration
ending with ns squared.
 They often lose their two valence electrons
to form ions with a 2+ charge.
 Atomic radii and ionic radii increase moving
down the group, but are smaller than the
corresponding alkali metal.
  ? 

 Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba react with halogens to form salts,

such as magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. They
also react with oxygen to
form oxides, such as magnesium
oxide.
 Be, Mg, Sr, and Ca react with
nitrogen to form nitrides, such as Magnesium
magnesium nitride. Chloride
 Sr and Ba react with oxygen to form peroxides, for
example, strontium peroxide.
 Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba react with water to form bases, such
as barium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
?? ? 

 ? 


Barium produces a yellow-

green flame.

Calcium
produces a scarlet-
orange flame.

Strontium produces a crimson

flame.
 Ê  

 Melting point- 2332.4 Fahrenheit, Boiling point- 5378.0

Fahrenheit, Color- lead grey, Taste- sugary, but is
poisonous.
 Found as a component of coal, oil, certain
rock minerals, volcanic dust, and soil.
Beryllium and its alloys have properties that
make them useful: they are hard, lighter than
aluminum, and are stable over a wide temperature range.
 Has a thin layer of oxide BeO, which protects the metal from
further attacks by water and air. As a result, it resists oxidation
when exposed to air in ordinary temperatures and resists
corrosion by concentrated nitric acid.
  Often used in aerospace, nuclear, and manufacturing
industries and is a very versatile as a metal alloy when used in
dental appliances, golf clubs, non-sparking tools,
and electronic devices.
 Some gemstones belong to a family
known as beryls. Pure beryls are clear,
colorless crystals, but when tinted with
other elements, they form gems such as
aquamarine, morganite, and emerald.

Beryllium and its salts are toxic substance. It produces a direct

corrosive effect to tissues and can cause chronic berylliosis,
which is scarring of the lungs.
 ?
 

 Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the earth·s crust.

 Magnesium is the 11th most abundant element by mass in the
human body.
 Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help
to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters.
 The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly
reactive (though once produced, is coated in a thin layer of oxide,
which partly masks this reactivity).
 The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making
it a useful ingredient in flares.
 Magnesium is a fairly strong, silvery-white, and
light-weight metal.
 Flame temperatures of magnesium and
magnesium alloys can reach 3,100 °C.
 The melting point of magnesium is 650 °C, or
1202 °F.
 ?  
 A grey, silvery metal. It is the fifth most abundant element in the
earth·s crust and makes up about 3.5% of it. It is also the fifth most
abundant dissolved ion in seawater and the fifth
most abundant element by mass in the human
body.
 Calcium is the lightest of all the alkaline earth
metals.
 It tastes mildly salty and sour.
 It is the essential constitute of leaves, bones,
teeth, and shells.
 It does not occur as the metal itself in nature,
but instead is obtained from various minerals
such as limestone, gypsum, and fluorite. It is only
found in living organisms.
 Dairy products are an excellent source of calcium. Deficiency
can affect bone and teeth formation.
 Is used to make paint, cleaning powder, toothpaste, plaster of
paris, and drywall, along with many other things.

  

 Melting point- 777 C, Boiling point- 1382 C

 A grey, silvery metal that is softer than calcium and decomposes in
water more vigorously. It rapidly turns yellow with the formation of oxide.
 Because of its extreme reactivity to oxygen and
water, it is only found in nature in other compounds
with other elements.
 Finely powdered strontium metal ignites
spontaneously in air.
 Found in minerals celestite and strontianite.
 It is majorly used in producing cathode ray tubes for color television
picture tubes. It is also used in producing ferrite ceramic magnets, in
refining zinc, and in toothpaste for sensetive teeth.
 It·s nonradioactive isotopes are not toxic; in fact, the human body
absorbs strontium as if it were calcium. It can actually help bone growth
and density and lessen fractures. But absorption of its radioactive
isotopes can cause bone disorders and diseases.
 Barium is used by medical professionals to
examine a person·s gastrointestinal tract. Patients
drink barium liquid and are then x-rayed. Barium is
almost completely insoluble in water and acids
and appears as a bright white color in x-rays.
Doctors and
radiologists are then able to locate
tumors, ulcers, and other
abnormalities.

 All barium compounds that are

water or acid soluble are poisonous.
 The metal reacts exothermically
with oxygen at room temperature to
form barium oxide and peroxide. The reaction is
violent if barium is powdered.
 Ê? 
 A soft, silvery-white metal. Melting point of 727 degrees Celsius, Boiling
point of 1,897 degrees Celsius.
 Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air.
 Is found only in combination with other elements,
mainly with sulfate and carbonate.
 The metal oxidizes very easily and should be kept
under petroleum or other oxygen-free liquids to
exclude air.
 The metal decomposes from contact with water
and alcohol.
 The metal is used as a ´getterµ in vacuum tubes. It is
also used in paint, x-ray diagnostic work, glassmaking, rat poison,
and in the making of rubber.
Barium is used by medical professionals to examine a person·s
gastrointestinal tract. Patients drink barium liquid and are then x-rayed
 ? 

 Melting point is 1,292 degrees Fahrenheit, Boiling

point is 2,084 degrees Fahrenheit
 The metal appearance is luminescent
 and almost pure white, but it readily
oxidizes on exposure to air, turning black.
 Is found in trace amounts in
uranium ores.
 Radium is intensely radioactive and
resembles barium in its chemical behavior.
 Radium is the heaviest of the Alkaline Earth Metals.
  Originally obtained from the rich pitchblende ore found in
Bohemia.
 Was discovered by Marie Curie, a Polish chemist, and her husband,
Pierre Curie, a French chemist, in 1898. The element has been
blamed for the death of Marie Curie, who died of aplastic anemia.
 Radium is about one million times more active than uranium.
 Emits alpha, beta, and gamma rays,
and when mixed with beryllium it produces
neutrons.
 Inhalation, injection, and exposure to
radium can cause cancer and other
body disorders.
 Radium was formerly used in self
luminous paints for watches, nuclear
panels, aircraft switches, clocks, and
instrument dials until a lawsuit was filed
by workers exposed to it that suffered
from sores, anemia, and bone cancer.
Now, radon gases obtained from radium are
sealed into tubes and are used to treat cancer and other diseases.
  



 The four main components of fireworks are a container,

a fuse, a bursting charge, and stars, which contain
the chemical compounds needed
to produce colored lights.
Many of the compounds contain
alkaline earth metals.
 Red- strontium and lithium
 Orange- calcium
 White- magnesium or barium
 Green- barium
 Purple- mix of strontium and
copper
 Silver- magnesium powder or flakes