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NS VS
N V
where NS = the number ofp turns pin the secondary,
NP = the number of turns in the primary,
VS = the secondary voltage, and 104
VP = the primary voltage
• Ideally, transformers are 100% efficient. This means 100%
of the input power is transferred to the output.
PS = PP
• Therefore,
VSIS = VPIP
IP VS
IS VP
• From the formula,
– For a step-down transformer, IP < IS
– For a step-up transformer, IP > IS
107
(1) Half-Wave Rectifier
• Half-wave rectifier is a simple diode.
108
• The diode is used to eliminate either the negative or positive
alternation of the input.
– A sine-wave at the input, we should get a half-wave rectified
output waveform.
109
Basic Circuit Operation
• During positive cycle of the input, the diode is
forward biased and provides a path for the current.
• Therefore, VD1 0V. VS will drop across RL (VL = VS).
110
• During negative cycle of the input, the diode is reverse biased
and acts as an open.
• Therefore, VD1 = VS.
111
Load Voltage and Load Current
• What we have discussed so far is based on an ideal diode.
Take VF into account, the peak load voltage, VL(pk) is given as
VL(pk) = VS(pk) – VF
NS / NP = VS(pk) / VP(pk)
• Usually, source voltages are given as rms values. Convert to
the peak value using
Vpk = Vrms / 0.707
• The peak load current is found as
115
Peak Inverse Voltage, PIV
• It is the maximum amount of reverse bias that will
be applied to a diode in a rectifier circuit.
• For a half-wave rectifier, the PIV is given as
PIV = VS(pk)
118
(2) Full-Wave Center-Tapped Rectifier
• This type of rectifier circuit requires the transformer to
be a center-tapped transformer.
• The transformer has a lead connected to the center of
the secondary winding.
– For a 24V center-tapped transformer, voltage from the center tap
to each of the outer winding terminals is 12V.
Center-tapped
119
120
Basic Circuit Operation
• The load voltage is approximately equal to half the
secondary voltage because the transformer is center tapped.
VL(pk) VS(pk)/2
121
Load Voltage and Load Current
• The peak load voltage is,
VL(pk) = [VS(pk)/2] – 0.7
122
Determine the dc load voltage, the peak current and also
the dc load current for the circuit shown.
Example
123
Peak Inverse Voltage PIV
• When one of the diodes is reverse biased, the voltage
across that diode is approximately equal to VS = 34 Vpk.
• The secondary voltages are +17 Vpk and 17 Vpk.
• Assuming D1 is ideal, then VD1 = 0V and the cathode of D1 is
at +17 Vpk.
• Since the cathode of D1 is connected directly to the cathode
of
D2, the cathode of D2 is also at +17 Vpk.
• Since D2 is off, it will cause an open in the circuit. Therefore
VD2 = +34 Vpk.
• Therefore, the reverse voltage across either diode is
PIV = 2 VL(pk) = VS(pk)
125
Full-Wave versus Half-Wave
• For a 24Vac (rated) transformer, the dc output voltages for the
two circuits are calculated as
Vave = 10.58 Vdc (half-wave rectifier)
Vave = 10.36 Vdc (full-wave rectifier)
• The two circuits produce nearly identical dc output voltages
the same values of transformer secondary voltage.
– Question: why bother with the full-wave rectifier when it has the same
dc output values as the half-wave rectifier?
• The reasons are
– If VL(pk) for the two circuits are equal, the full-wave rectifier will have
twice the dc load voltage and power efficiency of the half-wave
rectifier. We need to use a step-up transformer with turns ratio 1:2.
– The full-wave rectifier has twice the output frequency of the half-wave
rectifier, which has an impact on the filtering of the rectifier output.
126
(3) Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier
voltage.
Load Voltage and Load Current
• The center-tapped transformer is essential for the center-
tapped rectifier to work.
• But the output voltage in a center-tapped rectifier is reduced
to half the secondary voltage by the center tap on the
transformer secondary.
• The bridge rectifier does not require a center tap transformer
to work. It can be coupled directly to the ac line input, just
like the half-wave rectifier.
• The output voltage, across the load, is
VL(pk) VS(pk) (ideal diode)
• For practical diode model,
VL(pk) = VS(pk) – 2(0.7)
129
Peak Inverse Voltage PIV
• Ideal diode :
PIV = VS(pk)
• Practical diode :
PIV = VS(pk) – 0.7
Why not VS(pk) –
2(0.7)?
133
FILTER
• Aim of power supply –
produce a constant
dc output voltage.
• Filter: reduce variations
in the rectifier output
signal.
– A little bit of voltage variation Half-wave rectifier
still exist after filtering
ripple voltage, Vr.
• It is not desirable
• In audio amplifier, ripple can
produce an annoying “hum” at
60 Hz or 120 Hz.
Filter
• Ripple voltage depends
on Vr
1. Type of rectifier
2. Filter component values
3. Load resistance
134
Basic Capacitive Filter
• Most basic type and most commonly used.
• It is a capacitor connected in parallel with the
load resistance.
Diode is forward-biased
Capacitor charged to VS(pk)
136
• Vr can be minimized by increasing the
• discharging time.
• – Use a high capacitance filter together with a high
• resistance load.