English First Lecture Q

English Grammar & Composition
Grammar
• A system of rules and principles for speaking
and writing a language correctly.
• The art and science through which the users
understand and communicate effectively.
• The key of language is called grammar.
• The grammar is the skeleton of a language.
By : M. Qasim Hussain. 1
Tense
As an adjective: means nervous
As a verb: means to make nervous
As a noun: means time
The word tense is taken from Latin word. At the
beginning it was tempus (Latin word) by the
passage of time it changed into to tense.
Tense is a word which shows the function of
verb related to the time.
Tense is the form a verb shows an action in
present, past, future and future in the past.
Tense
Basically, we have four main tenses which are

further sub-categorized into four each.
Collectively we have sixteen tenses which are
under mentioned.
1. Present tense. 2. Past tense. 3. Future tense.
4. Future in the past tense.
Note: tense based on motion divided into two
types
1. Continuous motion: Ex: Ali is writing a letter
2. Non-continuous motion: Ex: Ali called me
Present tense
The sub-categorization of simple present tense

are under mentioned
 Simple present tense
 Present continuous/ progressive tense
 Present perfect tense
 Present perfect continuous/ progressive
tense
Past tense
The sub-categorization of past tense are under

mentioned
 Simple past tense
 Past continuous/progressive tense
 Past perfect tense
 Past perfect continuous/progressive tense
Future tense
The sub-categorization of future tense are

under mentioned
 Simple future tense
 Future continuous/progressive tense
 Future perfect tense
 Future perfect continuous/progressive
tense
Future in the past tense
The sub-categorization of future in the past
tense are under mentioned
 Future in the simple past tense
 Future in the past continuous/progressive
tense
 Future in the past perfect tense
 Future in the past perfect
continuous/progressive tense
Simple present tense
Structure
Positive Negative Interrogative

Positive structure of simple present tense
Singular subject and subject pronouns: Ali, He, She, It
Subject + Verb, s, es, ies + Object

Ex: She speaks English fluently
A: The suffix “es” adds when the verb ends in: sh, ch, o, x, ss, z,: sh: wash, ch: teach, o: goes, x:
fixes, ss: passes, z: buzzes/waltzes.
B: The suffix “ies” adds when the verb ends in: “y” preceded by consonants
Fly, study etc Ex: Khalid studies English at Khurasan academic Association.
Ex: She plays volley ball every day: preceded by vowel.
Note: Structure: Indicates how to formulate the concerned tense or How do we make the tense
Note 2 : Except “A” & “B” add “s” Ex : Ali eats mango.
Note 3: Present tense abbreviation: PRES or PRS
Plural subject and subject pronouns: they, you, we, I, Shafi & Shafiq
Subject + verb + object.
Ex: They work in the field
Negative structure of simple present tense
Singular subject and subject pronouns: He, She, It, Sear
Subject + does not + verb + object.
Ex: Sear does not tell lie.
Subject + do not + verb + object.
Ex: Shafi & Shafiq do not tell lie.
Interrogative structure of simple present tense
Singular subject and subject pronouns: He, She, It, Sear
Does + subject + verb + object + ?
Ex: Does Aimal go to GYM daily?
Do + subject + verb + object + ?
Ex: Do Aimal Mustafa and Haqshinas go to GYM daily?
Definitions of simple present tense
Case 1: Simple present tense expresses daily, regular, and habitual action. (past, present, future)
Ex: I take my breakfast at 7:30 every day.
Case 2: Simple present tense expresses general fact or universal truth

Ex: Muslims pray five times a day
Ex: The sun rises in the east
Ex: Kabul is in Afghanistan
General fact can not be changed but universal fact can be changed
Ex: Allah is one (General fact) Ex: Ali is a student (Universal fact)
Case 3: Simple present tense expresses near future schedualized action.
Ex: President Karzai arrives Afghanistan on next Monday
Ex: The train leaves tomorrow at 7: 30 AM
Note: Here definition means: exact time of action or When and why do we use the tense
Case 4: Simple present tense with non-progressive verbs expresses an action that is happening at the moment
Non-progressive verbs or Stative verbs: need, love, know, see, remember, forget, have, think, believe, like,
want, possess, hate, cost, seem, wish, know etc
Ex: I hear you.
Ex: I need a glass of water.

Ex: This mobile costs me $ 150.
Case 5: Simple present tense expresses past time in headlines.

Ex: Australian beats Pakistan
Case 6: Simple present tense expresses past time in narration.

Ex: The prophet (PBUH) says “The best among of us one who learns Quran and then thought it.”
Case 7: Simple present tense expresses the present state of being

Ex: Samiullah is a good driver. Ex: They are teachers.
Case 8: Simple present tense with adverb of frequency expresses the repetition of an action which this
repetition does not annoy the speaker.
Adverb of frequency: Always, Usually, Often, sometimes, Seldom, rarely, hardly ever.
Ex: Samiullah sometimes drives two-wheeled vehicle
Ex: Javed often accompanies Samiullhah on two-wheeled vehicle
Case 9: Simple present tense expresses current action with the words “here” and “there”
Ex: Here comes the van!
Ex: There comes a special guest!
Case 10: Simple present tense at the middle of story expresses past time
Ex: Alladin takes out the lamp out of cave and brings it to his home.
Case 11: Simple present tense is used to offer direction

Ex: put oil in the pan and then slice the onion and garlic and then cook it for two minutes etc
Case 12: Simple present tense is used to for the permanent situation
Ex: Where do you live?
Ex: I love Coffee
Stative or State verbs
• Like, know, belong, love, realize, fit, hate, suppose, contain, want, mean, consist,
need, understand, seem, prefer, believe, depend, agree, remember, matter, mind,
recognize, see, own, appear, look (=seem), sound, taste, smell, hear, astonish, deny,
disagree, please, impress, satisfy, promise, surprise, doubt think (=have an opinion),
feel (=have an opinion), wish, imagine, concern, dislike, be, have, deserve, involve,
include, lack, measure (=have length etc), possess, owe, weigh (=have weight)
• A verb which isn't stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.
• Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:
• Be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means 'behaving'
or 'acting'
• He is stupid = it's part of his personality
• He is being stupid = only now, not usually
• Think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great
Stative or State verbs
• think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head
what are you thinking about? I'm thinking about my next holiday
• Have (stative) = own
I have a car
• have (dynamic) = part of an expression
I'm having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break
• See (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
• see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I've been seeing my friend for three years
I'm seeing Ali tomorrow
See you later
• Taste (stative) = has a certain taste
This soup tastes great
The coffee tastes really bitter
• taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting
The chef is tasting the soup
Present progressive tense
Positive structure of present progressive tense

Subject + to be (is, am, are) + verbing (present participle) + object.
Ex: Sayed Hassan is playing with his mobile now.
Ex: They are listening to teacher.
Ex: I am doing my assignment.
Negative structure of present progressive tense
Subject + to be (is, am, are) + not + verbing (present participle) + object.
Ex: Sayed Hassan is not playing with his mobile now.
Ex: They are not listening to teacher.
Ex: I am not doing my assignment.
Interrogative structure of present progressive tense
To be (is, am, are) + subject + verbing (present participle) + object?
Ex: Is sayed Hassan playing with his mobile now?
Ex: Are they listening to teacher?
Ex: Am I doing my assignment?
The spelling rules for the present continuous tense are under mentioned.
 The letter “e” should be dropped from the end of verb before adding “ing”,
incase of double “e”, keep the “e” just add “ing”
Ex: Smile: smiling Skate: skating shave: shaving.
Ex: Flee: Fleeing.
 If a verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, double last letter.
Ex: Swim: swimming run: running stop: stopping sit: sitting
If a verb ends in consonant + vowel + consonant, don’t double last letter.
Ex: open: opening benefit: benefiting.
 If a verb ends in ie, change ie to y and then add ing.
Ex: die: dying lie: lying.
 Verbs ending in “c”, change “c” to “ck”
 Ex: panic: panicking .
 Ex: mimic: mimicking.
Note: Contraction: Cont or prog
Definitions of present progressive tense

Case 1: Present progressive tense expresses an action which is
happening right now or at the time of speaking
Ex: Ahmad is delivering his lecture now.
Case 2: present progressive expresses future tense when the

future time expressions are used
Future time expressions: today, tonight, tomorrow, next week,
next day etc.
Ex: Abdul is speaking to the session tomorrow.
Case 3: Present progressive tense expresses temporary action which may not be
happening right now. Or for action happening around
Ex: The students are preparing themselves for exam.
Ex: We are not working hard these days.
Ex: Ahmad is looking for a new job.
Case 4: Present progressive tense expresses changing situation or current trends

Ex: The students are improving day by day.
Ex: Afghanistan is developing step by step.
Ex: Demands of English are rising constantly because of American arrival in Afghanistan
Case 5: Present progressive tense with adverb of frequency expresses the repetition of an
action which this repetition annoys or irritates the speaker.
Ex: Sayed Hassan is always playing with his mobile in class.
Ex: Ali is usually coming late to class.
Present perfect tense
Positive structure of present perfect tense

Subject + has/have + past participle form/3rd + rest of the sentence.
Ex: Khalid has done his assignment.
Ex: They have received their shares.
Negative structure of present perfect tense
Subject + has/have + not + past participle form/3 rd + rest of the sentence.
Ex: Khalid has not done his assingment.
Ex: They have not received their shares.
Interrogative structure of present perfect tense
Have/has + Subject + past participle form/3 rd + rest of the sentence?
Ex: Has Khalid done his assignment?
Ex: Have they received their shares?
Definitions of present perfect tense

Case 1: Present perfect tense expresses an action which happened or did not happen at
unspecified time in the past.
Ex: I have earned my degree.
Ex: I have never been to Iran.
Note: The result is very important rather than time or the time is unknown etc
Case 2: Present perfect tense expresses the repetition of an action before now in the past at un-
specified time
Un-clear repetition: many times, several times etc
Clear repetition: Once, twice, thrice, four times, etc
Ex: I have delivered lecture many times.
Ex: Khalid has visited our University twice.
Case 3: present perfect tense is also used to report that someone recently invented, discovered,
produced or written something.
Ex: U.S.A. has tested a new weapon successfully.
Ex: China has invented a new aircraft.
Case 4: present perfect tense with “ever” refers to a time before the present time
or it expresses action before this moment
Ex: Have you ever played volley ball?
Ex: Has Ali ever delivered lecture?
Ex: Nobody has ever said that to me before
Ex: Nothing like that has ever happened to me
Ex: This is the first time that I have felt in …..?
Note: Ever: means sometime before now
Case 5: present perfect tense along with durative verbs and preposition “since &
for” expresses an action that began in the past, comes to present and may or
may not go to future.
Durative verbs: The verbs refer to events which have duration
Ex: work, teach, live, see, been etc
Punctual verbs: The verbs which refer to events that do not have duration it is also
called momentary verb By : M. Qasim Hussain. 21
Ex: hit, explode, arrive, catch, kill, jump etc
Ex: Ahmad has lived in Pakistan since 1999 (still he lives)
Ex: Ahmad has lived in Pakistan for 10 years ( he does not live now)
Since: indicates a point in time 1st December: Tuesday
For: indicates a period of time three weeks: two years
Both “since” & “for” function as a preposition and conjunction
Ex: I have taught English since 1999 (preposition: followed by time expression)
Ex: I have lived in Kabul since I was child (conjunction: followed by clause)
Ex: I have taught English for ten years (preposition: followed by time expression)
Ex: I could not attend my class for I was under workload (conjunction: followed by
clause)
Case 6: present perfect tense expresses the past action that has the result in the
present.
Ex: Ahmad has made an accident (still he is in the hospital or suffers from injuries).
Ex: I have washed the car (The car is still clean).
Ex: I have lived in Dubi (I have a memory in my mind now).
Ex: The price of vegetable has gone up (Previous price: Af 50, now price: Af 70).
Ex: Samiullah has lost his mobile N73 (He does not have it now).
Ex: Ali has written many books ( He is still alive).
Ex: Mohammad Ali wrote many books ( He is not alive now).
Case 7: The present perfect is used when the time period is recent.
Ex: I have just taken lunch.
Ex: I have just talked to Laila.
Case 8: present perfect tense expresses an
action performed during a period that has not
yet finished.
Ex: I have eaten two apples today (today is not
over).
Ex: I have delivered two lectures in this month
(month is not over) Ex: I have seen three
movies in this week ( this week is not finished)
Note: The word “perfect” in this tense refers to
the idea of completion rather than the
meaning of “no flaws”
Note 2: Ex: Samiullah has been to kart e 3 (He

went and returned back).
Ex: Samiullah has gone to Kart e 3 (He went
and now he is there).
Note 3: The usage of present perfect is common

among the British speaker rather than
American speaker.
Usage of present perfect tense:

We have just gone to a restaurant for lunch, we
are good friends and have decided to go on
holidays together.
Have you ever been to Sayat? Yes, I have been
there many times.
Contractions of present perfect tense
The contracted form of the perfect tense is quite common in present perfect
tense
 I have: I've Ex: I've delivered my lecture.
 You have: You've Ex: You've trained them well.
 He has: He's Ex: He's cooked delicious Mantoo.
 She has: She's Ex: She's lost her temper over her husband in matter of
second marriage.
 It has: It's Ex: It's fallen off the wall.
 We have: We've Ex: We've chosen you for the competition.
 You have: You've Ex: You've selected the right direction.
 They have: They've Ex: They've appreciated the service of Khurasan.
Present perfect progressive tense
Positive structure of present perfect progressive tense

Subject + has/have + been + present participle or verb ing + rest of the sentence.
Ex: Ali has been waiting for you since morning.
Ex: They have been teaching English for nine years.
Negative structure of present perfect progressive tense
Subject + has/have + not + been + present participle or verb ing + rest of the
sentence.
Ex: Ali has not been waiting for you since morning.
Ex: They have not been teaching English for nine years.
Interrogative structure of present perfect Progressive tense
Have/has + Subject + been + present participle or verb ing+ rest of the sentence?
Ex: Has Ali been waiting for you since morning?
Ex: Have they been teaching for nine years?
Definitions of present perfect progressive tense
Case 1: present perfect progressive tense along with “sicne” and “for”
expresses the duration of an action that started in the past comes to
present may or may not go to future has
Ex: It has been raining since morning.
Ex: It has been raining for 20 minutes.
Case 2: In the absence of “since” and “for” presnet perfect progressive
expresses a general action in continuation befor now in the past.
Ex: I have been watering the flower. I am wet
Ex: I have been running in the yard. I am breathing heavily.
Case 3: Expresses the duration of an action that
started in the past continues to the present
and not yet completed .
Ex: She has been speaking English.
Simple past tense
Positive structure of simple present tense
Subject + past form/2nd + object
Ex: Ali wrote his assignment.
Ex: They expressed their opinions to the public freely.
Negative structure of simple past tense
Subject + did not + base form + object
Ex: Ali did not write his assignment.
Ex: They did not express their opinions to the public freely.
Interrogative structure of simple past tense
Did + subject + base form + object?
Ex: Did Ali write his assignment?
Ex: Did they express their opinions to the public freely?
Simple past tense
Definitions of simple past tense
Case 1: simple past tense expresses an action that started and
completed in a particular time in the past.
Ex: He submitted his assignment last week.
Ex: They visited their relatives yesterday.
Case 2: The expression “used to” in simple past tense expresses
past habit that no longer exists in the present time
Ex: I used to watch cartoon when I was child.
Ex: Ali used to smoke cigarettes.
Simple past tense
Case 3: Simple past tense in conditional clause indicates

present meaning.
Ex: If I had money, I would give you.( now I don’t have money)
Ex: If I knew Arabic, I would not teach English. (now I don’t
know Arabic)
Case 4: Simple past tense without past time expressions

indicates recent past action
Ex: I did my assignment. ( It means recently in the past)
Ex: I wrote a letter. ( It means recently in the past)
Past continuous tense
Positive structure of past progressive tense

Subject + was/were + present participle/ verb ing+ object
Ex: Ali was writing a letter.
Ex: They were speaking English.
Negative structure of past progressive tense
Subject + was/were + not + present participle/ verb ing + object
Ex: Ali was not writing a letter
Ex: They were not speaking English.
Interrogative structure of past progressive tense
Was/were + subject + present participle/ verb ing + object?
Ex: Was Ali writing a letter?
Ex: Were they speaking English?
Past progressive tense
Definitions of past progressive tense

Case 1: It expresses an action which was in continuation in the past.
Ex: Ali was playing volley ball yesterday.
Ex: They were doing their project.
Case 2: past progressive tense expresses an action which was in progress

that another action occurred, cut or affect the continuous action.
Ex: The English teacher was teaching when the power failure occurred. (cut
the continuous action)
Ex: I was playing volley ball when the cat crossed playground. (Affect the
continuous action)
Past progressive tense
Case 3: past progressive tense expresses

duration of two actions that were in progress
at the same time in the past.
Ex: I was doing my assignment while I was
watching TV
Ex: She was crying while she was talking
through mobile.
Past perfect tense
Positive structure of past perfect tense
Subject + had + past participle/3rd + rest of the sentence
Ex: He had studied Arabic
Ex: They had spoken English.
Negative structure of past perfect tense
Subject + had + not + past participle/ 3rd + rest of the sentence
Ex: Ali had not written a letter
Ex: They had not spoken English.
Interrogative structure of past perfect tense
Had+ Subject + past participle/ 3rd + rest of the sentence+?
Ex: Had Ali written a letter?

Ex: Had they spoken English?
Past perfect tense
Definitions of past perfect tense
Case 1: past perfect tense expresses an action which was or was not
completed before another action or time in the past.
Ex: The patient had died when the doctor arrived.
Ex: By the time I came to Khurasan, I had not learned many things.
Case 2: past perfect tense expresses an action which started and finished
before another action in unspecific time in the past
Ex: Khalid had gone to London, before she went.
Ex: She had killed the dog , before we arrived.
Past perfect tense
Case 3: past perfect tense some times expresses the general
completion of an action in the past.
Ex: She had completed her assignment.
Ex: They had checked the engine thoroughly.
Case 4: past perfect tense expresses past action in the

conditional clause
Ex: If I had been there, I would have killed him
Ex: If they had studied hard, they would not have failed in the
terminal exam.
Past perfect progressive tense
Positive structure of past progressive tense
Sub + had + been + present participle/verb ing + rest of the sentence
Ex: They had been studying college for two years.
Ex: Shafiq had been waiting behind the door for five minutes
Sub + had + no+ been + present participle/verb ing + rest of the sentence
Ex: They had not been studying college for two years.
Ex: Shafiq had not been waiting behind the door for five minutes.
Had + sub + been + present participle/verb ing + rest of the sentence?
Ex: Had they been studying college for two years?
Ex: Had shafiq been studying college for two years?
Past perfect progressive tense
Definitions of past perfect progressive tense

Case 1: past perfect tense expresses the length
or duration of an action that was in progress
before another action or time in the past.
EX: Ali had been sleeping for one hour when his
father knocked the door.
Ex: Laila had been washing the dishes by the
time you came.
Simple future tense
Positive structure of simple future tense
Sub + will/shall + verb + object
Or
Sub + be going to + verb + object
Ex: She will attend her lecture.
Ex: She is going to attend her lecture.
Negative structure of simple future tense
Sub + will /shall+not + verb + object
Or
Sub + be + not + going to + verb + object
Ex: She will not attend her lecture.
Ex: She is not going to attend her lecture.
Interrogative structure of simple future tense
Will/shall +Sub + verb + object+?
Or
Be+ Sub + going to + verb + object+?
Ex: Will she attend her lecture?
Ex: Is she going to attend her class?
Note: In spoken English “going to” can be pronounced as “gonna”
Simple future tense
Definitions of simple future tense

Case 1: Simple future tense expresses an action
that will happen in the later than now.
Ex: I will do my assignment tomorrow.
Ex: she will complete her project at the end of
next week.
Simple future tense
The followings are differences between “will” and “be going to”
Is used to express willingness Ex: will

you answer the phone? Yes, I will Is used to express predetermined plan
Is used to express promise Ex: I am going to start a new business
Ex: Don’t worry, I will be careful Is used to express prediction (strong)
Is used to express prediction (weak) Ex: Ex: It is dark cloudy. It is going to rain (because
It will rain (based upon our opinion or past we have evidence for prediction) Ex: Ahmad is
experiences going to buy a car (we are told by his brother)
Is used to express polite request
With the verb “come” and “go” generally “will” is
Ex: Will you give me a glass of water used not “going to” but it is possible to use “going
Is used to express present possibility to” Ex: I will come/go
Ex: He will be sick In speech “going to” is often pronounced

“gonna”
Is not used with If+clause, except with
the meaning of please do it Ex: If you will
remain silent, I will call your names By : M. Qasim Hussain. 44
Simple Future Tense
Miscellaneous information:
 When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a
firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:
Ex: I'll be in London tomorrow.
 Shall: Is less common in American English rather than in American with the
pronoun “I” and “We”. In speech, “shall” is not used with “you and I” Ex: You and I
will go to school
 “Shall” is used as an imperative in formal or legal written statements. Ex: The
chairman shall be present in the meetings. Ex: The accused shall be present during
the trial.
 Both “shall” and “will” are usually contracted to “I’ll”, “we’ll” etc. so you cannot tell
which verb is being used
 “be going to” is often used in the past tense to talk about an unfulfilled intention
Ex: My elder brother was going to visit you, but he felt sick.
 “Won’t” is the short form of “will not” and “shan’t” is the short form of “shall not”.
 “Be + to-infinitive” is used to express future tense: Ex: The teacher is to deliver his
last lecture tomorrow
Simple Future Tense
Case 2: The word “about” can be combined with
the infinitive to indicate future imminent
fulfillment.
Ex: He is about to come.
Ex: They will about to start the function.
Future Continuous Tense
Positive structure of future continuous tense
Sub + will + be + verbing + object
Or
Sub + be going to+ be + verbing + object
Ex: She will be delivering lecture tomorrow at
5:00 pm
Ex: she is going to be delivering the lecture

tomorrow.
Negative structure of future continuous tense
Sub + will +not + be + verbing + object
Ex: She will not be delivering lecture tomorrow
at 5:00 pm
Sub + be + not + going to + be + verbing + obj.

Ex: she is not going to be delivering the lecture
tomorrow.
Interrogative structure of future continuous
tense
Will + Sub + be + verbing + object?
Ex: Will she be delivering lecture tomorrow at
5:00 pm
• Be + sub +going + to + be + verbing + obj +?
• Ex: Is she going to be delivering the lecture
tomorrow ?
Case 1: Future continuous tense is used to express an
action which will be in progress at a time later than
now.
Ex: Ahmad will be writing a letter tomorrow.
Ex: Will you be sleeping at 11:30 tonight? I might need to
call you
Ex: By this time tomorrow night, I will be sleeping in my
own bed
Case 2: Future continuous tense is used to express
present possibility
Ex: Don’t knock the door, He will be sleeping inside.
Future perfect tense
Positive structure of future perfect tense
Sub + will + have + 3rd form of the verb + object
Ex: She will have delivered a lecture.
Negative structure of future perfect tense
Sub + will +not + have + 3rd form of the verb +
object
Ex: She will not have delivered a lecture.
Interrogative structure of future perfect tense
Will + Sub + have + 3rd form of the verb + object?
Ex: Will she have delivered a lecture by tomorrow?
Future perfect tense
Case 1: Future perfect tens expresses an action
which will or won’t be completed before another
action or time in the future.
Ex: He will have studied English, before she starts.
Ex: Zahra will have done her homework by the time
the teacher arrives.
Ex: By the time he gets home, she is going to have
cleaned the entire house.
In this tense the conjunction such as “before”,
“when”, “by the time” etc are used, “by the time
means “before”
Future perfect progressive tense
Positive structure of future perfect progressive tense

Sub + will + have + been + ving + rest of the sentence
Ex: She will have been reciting for 1 hour by six o’clock
Negative structure of future perfect progressive tense
Sub + will +not + have + been + ving + rest of the
sentence
Ex: she will not have been reciting for 1 hour by six o’clock
Interrogative structure of future perfect progressive tense
Will + Sub + have + been + ving + rest of the sentence?
Ex: Will she have been reciting for 1 hour by six o’clock?
Case 1: The future perfect progressive tense is
used to emphasize the duration of an activity
that will be in progress before another time or
event in the future.
Ex: Tomorrow in this time, I will have been
waiting for you for 20 minutes by the time you
come.
Case 2: we can’t use future perfect progressive
tense,
with non-progressive verbs. Therefore, we use
future perfect tense instead of future perfect
progressive.
Ex: I will have known khalid for ten years by the
end of 2014
Future in the simple past tense
• Positive structure of future in the simple past
tense
• Sub + would + v + obj.
• Ex: I would study English.
• Negative structure of future in the simple past
tense.
• Sub + would + not + v + obj.
• Ex: I would not study English.
• Interrogative structure of future in the simple
past tense.
• Would + sub + v + obj + ?
• Ex: would I study English?
• Case 1: Expresses an action in the past ,which
was belonged in the future, when it Is spoken
about the time, was passed.
• Ex: she would speak English.
Future in the past continuous
tense
• Positive structure of future in the past
continuous tense .
• Sub + would + be + ving +obj.
• Ex: I would be studying English.
• Negative structure of future in the past
continuous tense.
• Sub + would + not + be + ving + obj.
• Ex: I would not be studying English.
Future in the past continuous
tense
• Interrogative structure of future in the past
continuous tense,
• Would + sub + be + ving + obj + ?
• Ex: would she be speaking english?
• Case 1: Expresses an action in the past ,which
was belonged in the future, when it Is spoken
about the time, was passed.
• But it shows duration.
• Ex: she would be speaking English
Future in the past perfect tense
Positive structure:
Sub + would + have + 3v + obj.
Ex: you would have studied English.
Negative structure:
Sub + would + not + have + 3v + obj.
Ex: you would not have studied English.
Future in the past perfect tense
• Interrogative structure:
Would + sub + have + 3v + obj + ?
Would you have studied English?
case 1: : Expresses an action before another
action in the past ,which was belonged in the
future, when it Is spoken about the time, was
passed.
Ex: they would have spoken English.
Future in the past perfect
continuous tense
• Positive structure:
• Sub + would + have + been + ving + obj.
Ex: you would have been studying English.
Negative structure:
Sub + would + not + have + been + ving + obj.
Ex: you would not have been studying English.
Future in the past perfect
continuous tense
• Interrogative structure:
Would + sub + have + been + ving + obj + ?
Would you have been studying English?
case 1: : Expresses an action before another
action in the past ,which was belonged in the
future, when it Is spoken about the time, was
passed, but shows duration.
Ex: They would have been speaking English.
THE END
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English First Lecture Q

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English First Lecture Q

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English Grammar & Composition

Basically, we have four main tenses which are

The sub-categorization of simple present tense

The sub-categorization of past tense are under

The sub-categorization of future tense are

Positive Negative Interrogative

Subject + Verb, s, es, ies + Object

Case 2: Simple present tense expresses general fact or universal truth

Ex: I need a glass of water.

Case 5: Simple present tense expresses past time in headlines.

Case 6: Simple present tense expresses past time in narration.

Case 7: Simple present tense expresses the present state of being

Case 11: Simple present tense is used to offer direction

Positive structure of present progressive tense

Definitions of present progressive tense

Case 2: present progressive expresses future tense when the

Case 4: Present progressive tense expresses changing situation or current trends

Positive structure of present perfect tense

Definitions of present perfect tense

Note 2: Ex: Samiullah has been to kart e 3 (He

Note 3: The usage of present perfect is common

Usage of present perfect tense:

Positive structure of present perfect progressive tense

Case 3: Simple past tense in conditional clause indicates

Case 4: Simple past tense without past time expressions

Positive structure of past progressive tense

Definitions of past progressive tense

Case 2: past progressive tense expresses an action which was in progress

Case 3: past progressive tense expresses

Ex: Had Ali written a letter?

Case 4: past perfect tense expresses past action in the

Definitions of past perfect progressive tense

Definitions of simple future tense

Is used to express willingness Ex: will

Ex: He will be sick In speech “going to” is often pronounced

Ex: she is going to be delivering the lecture

Sub + be + not + going to + be + verbing + obj.

Positive structure of future perfect progressive tense

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