C.S.

I INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, THOVALAI
DEPARTMENT OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SEMESTER : 5
 STAFF: BEN SAMUEL.J
• SUBJECT NAME: Internal Combustion
Engines
• SUBJECT CODE: OAT552 (OPEN
ELECTIVE)
• OBJECTIVE: To impart the basic fundamental
knowledge on IC engines and its working
along with some of the recent trends in IC
engine
UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINE

• Introduction, Types of IC engines,

Constructional details IC engine, working,
principles – 2 & 4 stroke engines, Cycles – Air
standard cycles, Fuel air cycles and actual
cycles, Actual Indicator diagram for four
stroke and two stroke engines, General fuel
properties, ignition properties – octane and
cetane rating, Materials for engine components
 UNIT II PETROL ENGINES
• Working and constructional details of petrol
engines, Carburetor – constructional and working,
types of carburetors, additional features in modern
carburetor, A/F ratio calculation, Petrol Injection -
introduction, Ignition – introduction and
requirements, Battery and magneto coil ignition
system, Electronic ignition system, Stages of
combustion in petrol engines, Combustion chambers
for petrol engine, formation of knock in petrol
engine
 UNIT III DIESEL ENGINES
• Working and constructional details of diesel
engines, fuel injection – requirements, types of
injection systems – inline, distributor pumps, unit
injector, Mechanical and pneumatic governors. Fuel
injector, Types of injection nozzles, Spray
characteristics. Injection timing, Split and multiple
injection, Stages of combustion in Diesel engines,
direct and indirect combustion chambers for diesel
engine, knocking in diesel engine, Introduction on
supercharging and turbocharging
UNIT IV COOLING AND LUBRICATION

• Requirements, Types- Air cooling and liquid

cooling systems, forced circulation cooling
system, pressure and Evaporative cooling
systems, properties of coolants for IC engine.
Need of lubrication, Lubricants for IC engines
- Properties of lubricants, Types of lubrication
– Mist, Wet and dry sump lubrication systems
UNIT V MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN IC
ENGINES
• HCCI Engines – construction and working,
CRDi injection system, GDI Technology, E -
Turbocharger, Variable compression ratio
engines, variable valve timing technology,
Fuel cell, Hybrid Electric Technology
 TEXT BOOKS
• 1. Ganesan.V., Internal Combustion Engines,
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New
York,1994.
• 2. Ramalingam. K. K., Internal Combustion
Engines, Scitech publications, Chennai, 2003
 REFERENCES
• 1. Ellinger, H.E., Automotive Engines, Prentice
Hall Publishers, 1992.
• 2. Heldt.P.M. High Speed Combustion Engines,
Oxford IBH Publishing Co., Calcutta,1975.
• 3. Obert E.F., Internal Combustion Engines
Analysis and Practice, International Text
Books:Co., Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1988.
• 4. William. H. Crouse, Automotive Engines,
McGraw Hill Publishers, 1985.
 UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINES
ENGINES:
• An Engine is a device which transforms the
chemical energy of a fuel into thermal energy
and uses this thermal energy to produce
mechanical work.
• They are called heat engines.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINE

• Heat engines can be broadly classified into :

• i) External combustion engines ( E C Engines)
External combustion engines are those in
which combustion takes place outside the
engine. Example : In steam engine
• ii) Internal combustion engines ( I C Engines )
• Continuous IC engines
• Intermittent IC engines.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINE

• Continuous IC engines:
• In continuous IC engines products of
combustion of the fuel enters into the prime
mover as the working fluid.
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINE

Intermittent IC engines:
• In Intermittent internal combustion engine
combustion of fuel takes place inside the
engine cylinder. Power is generated
intermittently (only during power stroke)
 ADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES
• Low initial cost
• They are compact and requires less space
• Easy starting from cold conditions
• Greater mechanical simplicity
• Higher power output
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES
• I C engines cannot use solid fuels which are
cheaper.
• I C engines have reciprocating parts and hence
and they are also susceptible to mechanical
vibrations
 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES.
1. According to thermodynamic cycle
• i) Otto cycle engine or Constant volume
heat supplied cycle.
• ii) Diesel cycle engine or Constant
pressure heat supplied cycle
• iii) Dual-combustion cycle engine
2. According to the fuel used:
• i) Petrol engine ii) Diesel engine iii) Gas
engine
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES.
3. According to the cycle of operation:
• i) Two stroke cycle engine
• ii) Four stroke cycle engine
4. According to the method of ignition:
• i) Spark ignition (S.I) engine
• ii) Compression ignition (C I ) engine
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES.
5. According to the number of cylinders.
• i) Single cylinder engine
• ii) Multi cylinder engine
6. According to the arrangement of cylinder:
• I) Horizontal engine
• ii) Vertical engine
• iii) V-engine
• v) In-line engine
• vi) Radial engine, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINES
7.According to the method of cooling the cylinder:
•I) Air cooled engine
• ii) Water cooled engine
8. According to their applications:
•i) Stationary engine
•ii) Automobile engine I
•ii) Aero engine
•iv) Locomotive engine
•v) Marine engine, etc.
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PARTS AND
THEIR FUNCTION
IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY
 IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY
• Bore: The inside diameter of the cylinder is
called the bore.
• Stroke: The linear distance along the cylinder
axis between the two limiting positions of the
piston is called stroke.
• Top Dead Centre (T.D.C) The top most position
of the piston towards cover end side of the
cylinder is called top dead center.
 IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY
• Bottom Dead Centre (B.D.C) The lowest
position of the piston towards the crank end
side of the cylinder is called bottom dead
center
• Clearance Volume The volume contained in
the cylinder above the top of the piston, when
the piston is at the top dead Centre is called
clearance volume.
FOUR-STROKE PETROL ENGINE OR
FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION
ENGINE (S.I. ENGINE)
 Four Stroke Diesel Engine (Four Stroke
Compression Ignition Engine— C.I Engine)
TWO STROKE CYCLE PETROL ENGINE
TWO STROKE CYCLE DIESEL ENGINE
 COMPARISON OF FOUR-STROKE AND
TWO-STROKE ENGINE
FOUR STROKE ENGINE
Four stroke of the piston and
two revolution of crankshaft
One power stroke in every two
revolution of crankshaft
Heavier flywheel due to non-
uniform turning movement
Power produce is less
Heavy and bulky
Lesser rate of wear and tear
Contains valve and valve
mechanism
TWO STROKE ENGINE
Two stroke of the piston and
one revolution of crankshaft
One power stroke in each
revolution of crankshaft
Lighter flywheel due to more
uniform turning movement
power produce is twice than the
four stroke engine
Light and compact
Higher rate of wear and tear
Contains ports arrangement
 COMPARISON OF FOUR-STROKE AND
TWO-STROKE ENGINE
FOUR STROKE ENGINE
Higher initial cost
Thermal efficiency is high
Volumetric efficiency is more
It is used where efficiency is
important
Ex-cars, buses, trucks, tractors,
industrial engines, aero planes,
power generation etc.
TWO STROKE ENGINE
Cheaper initial cost
Thermal efficiency is low
Volumetric efficiency less
It is used where low cost,
compactness and light weight
are important.
Ex-lawn movers, scooters,
motor cycles, mopeds,
propulsion ship etc
 COMPARISON OF S.I AND C.I ENGINE
S.I ENGINES
Working cycle is Otto cycle
Petrol or gasoline or high octane fuel
is used.
Low self-ignition temperature
Fuel and air introduced as a gaseous
mixture in the suction stroke
Carburetor used to provide the
mixture.
Use of spark plug for ignition system
C.I ENGINES
Working cycle is diesel cycle.
Diesel or high cetane fuel is used.
High self-ignition temperature
Fuel is injected directly into the
combustion chamber
Injector and high pressure pump used
to supply of fuel.
Self-ignition by the compression of
air which increased the temperature
required for combustion
 COMPARISON OF S.I AND C.I
ENGINE
S.I ENGINE C.I ENGINE
Compression ratio is 6 to 10.5 Compression ratio is 14 to 22

Higher maximum RPM Lower maximum RPM

Lighter Heavier due to higher pressures