Fundamental 2

Lec#01

Babakhan Akbary
 Session Objective

To describe the role of an operating system from viewpoint of user and

system.
To describe the computer system organization.
 Kind of software

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Software

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Productivity software Entertainment Business software Education software

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 What is an Operating System

• An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user of a

computer and the computer hardware. The purpose of an operating system
is to provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a
convenient and efficient manner.

• An operating system is a program that manages a computer’s hardware. It

also provides a basis for application programs and acts as an intermediary
between the computer user and the computer hardware.
What Operating Systems Do
Con..

• The operating system controls the hardware and coordinates its use among
the various application programs for the various users.

• An operating system is similar to government. Like a government, it

performs no useful function by itself. It simply provides an environment
within which other programs can do useful work.
Con..

Operating systems role from two viewpoints:

User view
• Most computer users sit in front of a PC, such a system is designed for one
user In this case, the operating system is designed mostly for ease of use.
• User sits at a terminal connected to a mainframe or a minicomputer other
users are accessing the same computer through other terminals. These
users share resources and may exchange information. The operating system
in such cases is designed to maximize resource utilization to assure that all
available CPU time, memory, and I/O are used efficiently and that no
individual user takes more than her fair share.
Con..

• users sit at workstations connected to networks of other workstations and

servers , have dedicated resource but also share resources such including
file, compute, and print servers ,operating system to compromise between
individual usability and resource utilization.

System View
• The operating system is the program most involved with the hardware. An
operating system is a resource allocator. resource such as CPU time,
memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on in which OS acts
as the manager of these resources to decide how to allocate them.
Con..

• An operating system is a control program. A control program manages the

execution of user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the
computer. It is especially concerned with the operation and control of I/O
devices.
Operating system acts as an interface between a user and computer hardware.
 Computer-System Organization

Computer-System Operations
• computer system consists of one or more CPUs and a number of device
controllers connected through a common bus that provides access to shared
memory.
• when PC powered up or rebooted this initial program or bootstrap program
run it is stored within the computer hardware in read-only memory (ROM).
• bootstrap program must locate the operating-system kernel and load it into
memory.
• Once the kernel is loaded and executing, it can start providing services to the
system and its users.
Con..
• The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by an interrupt from either
the hardware or the software. Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any
time by sending a signal to the CPU, usually by way of the system bus.
Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special operation called a
system call (also called a monitor call).
Storage Structure

• The CPU can load instructions only from memory, so any programs to run
must be stored in RAM.
• All forms of memory provide an array of bytes each the CPU
automatically loads instructions from main memory for execution byte has
its own address.
• A typical instruction–execution cycle :
 Fetched
 Decoded
 Execute
 Store
Con..
Computer system use secondary memory due to:

 Main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and data
permanently.
 Main memory is a volatile storage device that loses its contents when
power is turned off or otherwise lost.

The most common secondary-storage device is a magnetic disk, which

provides storage for both programs and data. Most programs (system and
application) are stored on a disk until they are loaded into memory. Many
programs then use the disk as both the source and the destination of their
processing.
The main differences among the various storage systems lie in speed, cost,
size, and volatility.
• The higher levels are expensive, but they are fast as we move down it is
reversed.
• There is two category of memory volatile storage and nonvolatile storage.
I/O Structure

• Large portion of operating system code is dedicated to managing I/O.

• computer system consists of one or more CPUs and a number of device

controllers connected through a common bus that provides access to
shared memory, Each device controller is in charge of a specific type of
device. Depending on the controller, more than one device may be
attached.
• operating systems have a device driver for each device controller , To start
an I/O operation the device driver loads the appropriate registers within the
device controller. The device controller, in turn, examines the contents of
these registers to determine what action to take
Con..

• The controller starts the transfer of data from the device to its local buffer.
Once the transfer of data is complete, the device controller informs the
device driver via an interrupt that it has finished its operation. The device
driver then returns control to the operating system.

• For the bulk data movement direct memory access (DMA) is used after
setting buffer the device controller transfers an entire block of data directly
to or from its own buffer storage to memory, with no intervention by the
CPU. Only one interrupt is generated per block, to tell the device driver that
the operation has completed.
 Exercise #1
Compare these two parts from right to left
1- direct memory access (DMA) is used 1- Fetched , Decoded , Execute , Store

2- operating systems have a device driver 2- an interrupt from either the hardware or the software

3- volatile storage and nonvolatile storage 3- Software interrupt to CPU

4- operating-system kernel into memory.

4-A typical instruction–execution cycle :

5-The occurrence of an event is usually signaled by 5 – Resource allocator

6- system call is 6-for each device controller

7- bootstrap program load 7- lost content in case of power off keep content case
of power off

8- operating system is a 8- For the bulk data movement

9- An operating system is a program that 9- Monitor calls

10- executing of special operation called by software 10- acts as an intermediary between the computer user
called and the computer hardware.
 Assignment #1

In computer-System Architecture what is the different between :

 single-Processor Systems
 multiprocessor Systems
 clustered Systems
Thank You!