JOINTS

Joints are classified into two groups:

1. Permanent fastenings, and
2. Temporary or detachable fastenings.
Permanent joints are those fasteners, where the components can be
disassembled only by damaging those components.

Eg: Soldered, Brazed, Welded and Riveted Joints.

Temporary or detachable joints are those joints which can be disassembled
Without damaging the connecting components.

Eg: Screwed (Bolted Joints), Keys, Cotters

Applications
Airplane

Ships

Buses
 INTRODUCTION
 Riveted joints have been widely employed in various engineering
structures, such as ships, boilers, bridges, etc.
 The use of riveted joints has considerably been reduced due to the
rapid development of welding techniques
 Rivets are the main kind of fasteners in light frames and thin sheet
shells made of light metals and alloys such as aluminium
 Light alloys are difficult to weld
 The material of the rivets must be tough and ductile
 Usually made of steel, brass, aluminium or copper
 When strength and a fluid tight joint is the main consideration, steel
rivets are used
Advantages of Riveted Joints
 Riveted joints have high resistance against vibrational loads.
 Can join difficult to weld parts:

 Dissimilar metals
 Thin plates
 Joints that cannot be subjected to heating

 Riveted joints can be dismantled by cutting off the rivet heads.

 Quality control is easier
Disadvantages of Riveted Joints
 Rivet holes weaken the working cross section of the joint.
 More metal is required for the joint due to the necessity of
overlapping the joined plates
 RIVETED JOINTS
Rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral to it
METHODS OF RIVETING

COLD RIVETING Cold riveting process is used for structural joints

Riveting is done at ambient temperature
HOT RIVETING Hot riveting is used to make leak proof joints.
Rivets are initially heated before applying force
Riveting may be done by hand or by a riveting machine.
 TYPES OF RIVETED JOINTS
Riveted joints may be classified according to:
 The purpose for which it is used

 Strong joints – strength is the prime requirement

 Tight strong joints – strength & leak proof
 Method of placing joining member (eg. Lap and Butt)
 The type of rivets employed (eg. Solid and tubular)
 The number of rows of rivets used (eg. Single, double, triple)
 TYPES OF RIVETED JOINTS
Depending upon the way in which the plates are Connected
1. Lap joint, and
2. Butt joint
Lap Joint
A lap joint is that in which one plate overlaps the other and the two
plates are then riveted together.
Butt Joint
Cont…
A butt joint is that in which the main plates are kept in alignment
butting (i.e. touching) each other and a cover plate (i.e. strap) is placed
either on one side or on both sides of the main plates. The cover plate is
then riveted together with the main plates.
Butt joints are
1. Single strap butt joint, and
2. Double strap butt joint.
Cont…
 IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RIVETED JOINTS
Pitch: This is the distance between two
centers of the consecutive rivets in a single
row. (usual symbol p)

Back Pitch: This is the shortest distance

between two successive rows in a multiple
riveted joint. (usual symbol pt or pb)

Diagonal Pitch: This is the distance

between the centers of rivets in adjacent
rows of zigzag riveted joint. (usual symbol
pd)

Margin Or Marginal Pitch: This is the

distance between the centre of the rivet
hole to the nearest edge of the plate. (usual
symbol m)
 CAULKING AND FULLERING
•Caulking and fullering are used to make tight contact between metal parts
•Both are operations used in riveting to ensure complete tightness of parts
•Caulking is done with the help of a caulking tool which is a blunt chisel
•In fullering flat chisel is used.

Surface finish obtained is less compared to
fullering.
More risk of damaging the plates.
thickness of Tool is about 5mm
It is gives clean surface finish.
Less risk of damaging the plates.
Thickness of tool is equal to the
thickness of the plate
 EFFICIENCIES OF RIVETED JOINTS (IN %)
Joints Efficiencies (in %)
Single Riveted 50-60
Lap
Double Riveted 60-72
Triple Riveted 72-80
Single Riveted 55-60
Butt (Double Strap)
Double Riveted 76-84
Triple Riveted 80-88

IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RIVETED JOINTS

 DESIGN TIPS
• At least two rivets should be used for each joint to avoid
relative turning motion
• Arrange rivets in Zig-zag pattern when using 2 or more rows
of rivets
• Use equal diameter rivets in a particular joint
 FAILURE OF RIVETED
A rivet joint may fail in the following ways:
1. Shear of the rivets
2. Crushing of the rivets and plates 3. Rupture of the plate in the section
weakened by the holes

Tearing of plate at edge

Tearing of plate across the rows of rivets