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1. Generating Ideas
2. Organizing Your Ideas
3. Writing a Draft
4. Revising and Rewriting
5. Proofreading
1. Generating Ideas
1. Freewriting
r set a page limit and write
r Examining and categorizing, looking for categories
into which ideas may be grouped, ideas that show a
cause-effect relationship, etc
2. Brainstorming
3. Questioning
r The answers to these questions are the supporting
details used to develop the main topic.
4. Journals
r the events and observations you record reflect
things that you know and have strong feelings for.
5. Conversations with Friends
6. Readings
2. Organizing your ideas

rFirst,
narrow the number of supporting details to an
appropriate number of details to accomplish your
purpose in writing. You should be specific and relevant.
rThen, arrange those details in a reasonable order.
r For a narrative essay: arrange details in
chronological order.
r For a descriptive essay: the order is spatial ie.
geographical, left-to-right, top-to-bottom, near-to-
far, etc.
r For a persuasive essay, arrange your ideas
according to importance
r When working with examples, work from general
to specific or from least complex to most complex.
3. Writing a Draft
rThegoal of the draft is to express your ideas in an
organized, focused form.
rAsimple way to begin is to write a sentence outline of
your essay.
r write one sentence that expresses your main idea
(this is the thesis).
r Then, you write one sentence for each
supporting/developing idea in the order you have
already determined.
rBegin the draft with a general introduction.
r background information, a quotation from an
expert on the topic, a personal anecdote that lead
into the thesis statement.
rInthe body, you will write one paragraph for each
supporting idea, or the sentence in the previous outline
3. Writing a Draft
rEach paragraph of the body will begin with a topic
sentence, which will be followed by additional
clarification/explanation.
r If you have doubts about an idea·s value in the
body, include it.
r If new ideas come to mind while you are writing
the draft, include them.
r You can always eliminate unwanted items in step
4.
rOnce you have written a paragraph for each sentence in
your outline, write a CONCLUSION.
r The conclusion needs to provide a sense of closure.
r Summarizine the main elements of the body,
restating the main point from the thesis, and/or
adding any final observations about the topic.
4. Revising and Rewriting
rBeginby reviewing the topic sentence of each
paragraph.
r Review the thesis to make sure it is clear, direct,
and complete.
r Reread the topic sentences for the paragraphs in
the body to ensure they relate to the main idea
contained in the thesis.
r Review the supporting details to make sure they
are specific, relevant, and sufficient
r Review the order of presentation to ensure it is
reasonable.
r Make sure paragraphs have beginnings and
endings. Transitions (linking expressions such as
first, second, next, later, above, and below) are
commonly used to introduce new paragraphs.
4. Revising and Rewriting
r Make sure sentences within paragraphs are
connected to each other. Use transitions: such as
for example, in contrast, also, therefore, and
consequently
r Review all sentences with each paragraph.
r Delete, revise, or combine sentences that say the
same thing.
r Replace vague, unclear words with more descriptive
ones.
r Finally, revise wording, grammar, spelling, and
punctuation to ensure they are in standard
English form and are appropriate for the audience
and purpose of the essay.
r You should continue to revise your essay until you
are satisfied with what you have said and how you
have said it.
5. Proofreading
rCheck for errors with mechanics.
r Your final essay is to be in standard English form,
so you should review it a final time to ensure it
does not contain any errors in English usage.
r Run-on sentences and fragments should be
eliminated.
r You should also ensure there are no errors in
spelling, punctuation, grammar, and
capitalization

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