Elementary First Aid Power Point (Efa) - oRIGINAL

ELEMENTARY
FIRST AID
(EFA)
IMO Model Course 1.13

INTRODUCTION
When a ship is in port, or near to port where
hospital and other expert medical attention are
available, the first aid treatment necessary aboard ship
is similar to that practiced ashore. At sea, in the
absence of these facilities, trained ships’ officers are
required to give types of treatment beyond that
accepted as normal first aid.
INTRODUCTION
This model course aims to provide the
training for candidates to provide
elementary first aid on board ship, in
accordance with Section A-VI/1 of the
STCW Code.
OBJECTIVE
• This syllabus covers the requirements of the 1995 STCW
Convention Chapter VI, Section A-VI/1, Table A-VI/1-3. On
meeting the minimum standard of competence in
elementary first aid, a trainee will be competent to take
immediate action upon encountering an accident or
medical emergency until the arrival of a person with
medical first aid skills or a person in charge of medical care
on board.
ENTRY STANDARDS
The course is open to all seafarers who are to serve on

board sea going merchant ships. There are no
particular educational requirements.
Module 1: General Principles
COMPETENCE: Taking immediate action upon
encountering an accident or other medical emergency
Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the
trainees will be able to:
1. identify how to assess and apply the ABC of First
Aid,
2. demonstrate different abilities on how to perform
artificial respiration and cardio-pulmonary
resuscitation, control bleeding, manage shock
victims, treat burns and scalds and other
emergency cases onboard ship,
3. demonstrate bandaging techniques including the
use of tourniquet,
4. apply appropriate methods in rescuing and

transporting casualties and
5. acknowledge the importance of discipline and
cooperation in fulfilling their duties and responsibilities
as future seafarers for the safety of the crew, cargo
and the ship.
General Principles
1.1 Raising the alarm of first aid:
An immediate care given to a

person who has been injured or
suddenly taken ill before any
medical or surgical assistance can
be obtained.
General Principles
Objectives of First Aid

●To alleviate ●To prolong life
sufferings
●To prevent
further injury
General Principles
Roles of First Aid Provider

It is the “bridge” that fills
the gap between
the victim & the
physician.
It ends when
the services of the
physician begins.
General Principles
Characteristics of a Good
First Aid Provider
1. Gentle- should not cause pain
2. Observant- should notice all signs
3. Tactful- should not alarm victim
4. Empathetic- should comforting
5. Resourceful- should make the be use of things at hand
First aider – is someone who takes charge of an emergency

scene and gives first aid.
General Principles
When a ship is on board, in the absence of medical

facilities, trained ships’ officers are required to give
types of treatment.
All crew members should be prepared to administer

first aid.
General Principles
anyone aboard ship may find a casualty and

every seaman should know three basic life-saving
actions to be given immediately , these are:
 to give artificial respiration by the mouth to
nose/mouth method;
 to place an unconscious casualty in the
unconscious(recovery) position;
 to stop severe bleeding.
Priorities on finding a casualty:
 ensure your own safety;
 if necessary, remove the casualty from danger or
danger from the casualty
 give immediate treatment to the casualty who is
not breathing and/or whose heart has stopped, is
bleeding severely or unconscious – others can be
treated later;
 send for help.
General Principles
1.2 Emergency first consideration is for own

safety.
• What NOT to do when giving FIRST AID
– Do not give first aid if you have doubts about your
ability to do correctly.
– Do not enter an enclosed space unless you are

sure it is safe, unless you are a trained member of
a rescue team.
General Principles
- Assumed that the space is hostile, rescue team

must wear breathing apparatus and must be fitted to
the casualty ASAP.
- Do not move the person without checking for

spinal injuries and fractured long bones.
- Do not give the patient anything to eat or drink.

General Principles
Never consider anyone to be dead until you and others

agree that:
 breathing has stopped;
 no pulse is felt and no sounds are heard when the
examiner’s ear is put to the chest;
 the eyes are glazed and pupils are dilated;
 there is a progressive cooling of the body.
General Principles
GENERAL PRINCIPLES ( FIRST AID)
1.3 Sequence of immediate measures

General Principles
General Principles
1.4 The content of an emergency checklist as:

1.4 .1 Assessment of the Accident Situation
I. Survey the Scene

II. Primary Survey
III. Activate Medical
Assistance
IV. Secondary Survey
General Principles
I. Survey the Scene

* Is the scene safe?
* What happened?
* How many are injured?
* Are there bystanders , who can help?
* Distance: 10-20 meters (if possible)
* Priority: OWN SAFETY
General Principles
General Principles
II. Primary Survey

airway
breathing
circulation
General Principles
II. Primary Survey

STEPS:
1. Check for
consciousness.
-“Hey Sir are
you okay?” 2x
2. HELP!
General Principles
II. Primary Survey

3. Position the Airway
*Head Tilt Chin Lift

= If (-) head /
spinal cord injury
* Jaw Thrust Maneuver

= If (+) head /
spinal cord injury
General Principles
II. Primary Survey

4. Open mouth and
check for any obstruction.
- “The nose and mouth
are clear.”
5. LLF (Look, Listen, Feel)

= 5 seconds
(1001, 1002, 1003, 1004,
1005)
General Principles
II. Primary Survey

6. If (-) Breathe
- “The victim is breathless!”
7. Give 2 initial blows

(blow-check; blow-check)
8. Check carotid pulse

(if adult) for 10 seconds
- 1001, 1002, 1003,.. - 1010
General Principles
II. Primary Survey

SUMMARY:
1. “Hey Sir are you okay?” 2x

2. HELP!
3. Head Tilt Chin Lift / Jaw Thrust
4. Open mouth & check for obstruction
5. LLF (Look, Listen, Feel) for 5 seconds
6. Breathless !
7. Give 2 initial blows
8. Check carotid pulse for 10 seconds
General Principles
III. Activate Medical Assistance

Somebody should make a
telephone call for help
Uhf handheld marine radio for ships

- performed to identify the other injuries
of the victim to the different parts of the
body
Parts:
A. Interview
B. Check vital signs
C. Head-to-Toe exam.
IV. A. Interview
• Ask the victim’s name

• Ask what happened
• Assess the SAMPLE
history
SAMPLE History
igns and symptoms
llergy
edication
ast illnesses
ast meal
vent prior to accident General Principles

General Principles
Sign VS Symptom
•SIGN • SYMPTOM
> Indication of a > Indication of a

disorder observed disorder
by a physician but observed by the
is not apparent to patient himself.
the patient.
General Principles

IV.B. Check Vital Signs
- a.k.a. baseline body information
1.Pulse
2.Respiration
3.Blood Pressure
4.Temperature
General Principles
B. Check Vital Signs

1. Pulse
Radial Pulse Normal Pulse Rate
* Adult
60-100 beats/min
* Child
Carotid Pulse 80-100 beats/min
* Infant 100
-120 beats/min
General Principles
IF: PR > 100 --- Tachycardia

PR < 60 --- Bradycardia
* Brachial Pulse - CPR in children

* Carotid Pulse - CPR in adult
* Radial Pulse - most accessible
Monitor Pulse Rate IF:

- given meds (Atropine Sulfate & Digitalis)
- with bleeding
General Principles
2. Respiration Rate
Normal Respiratory
Rate
Adult
12-20 breaths/min
Child
18-25 breaths/min
Infant
25-35 breaths/min
General Principles
IF:
* RR >24 (Tachypnea, rapid breathing), may indicate:
> Pneumonia
> Septicemia
> Rib fracture
> Pulmonary edema
* RR <10 (Bradypnea, slow breathing), may indicate:

> Increased ICP (intra-cranial pressure)
> Brain injury
> Drug Overdose “downers”
General Principles
NOTE FOR:
* CRACKLES, may indicate:
> Pneumonia / Bronchitis
> Heart failure
> Pulmonary fibrosis
* WHEEZES, may indicate:

> Asthma / Chronic bronchitis
MONITOR IF:
- given meds (Morphine and MgSO4)
General Principles
3. Blood Pressure
Systolic Pressure is the increased
pressure that is caused along the artery
with each contractions (systole) of the
ventricles and the pulse wave that it
produces.
Diastolic Pressure the residual pressure

that remains in the arteries during the
relaxing phase of the hearth’s cycle
(diastole), when the left ventricles at rest.
General Principles
Systolic - Ventricle in motion S1 (lab)
Diastolic - Ventricle at rest S2 (dab)
NOTE:
- Instruct patient not to talk during BP
taking because it may increase blood
pressure and pulse rate.
General Principles
* PULSE PRESSURE
-Difference between systolic and diastolic
-Normal: 30-40 mmHg
IF:
*** PP >40, may indicate:
> Increased ICP (intra-cranial pressure)
> Fever, hypertension, anxiety
*** PP <30, may indicate:
> Cardiac disorders (Heart Failure,
Hypovolemia, Mitral or Aortic Stenosis)
> Shock
General Principles
Automatic Wrist Blood

Pressure Monitor Digital BP Apparatus
General Principles
Mercury Free Light Stethoscope &

Display Sphygmomanometer
Sphygmomanometer
General Principles
4. Temperature
- Normal > Warm to touch
- Hot >Significant fever, Sunburn, Hyperthermia
- Cool >Early Shock, Mild Hypothermia
- Cold >Profound Shock, Hypothermia, Frostbite
Strip Thermometer Clinical Digital

Thermometer Thermometer
General Principles

IV.C. Head to Toe Examination
• D eformity • B urn
• C ontusion • T enderness
• A brasion • L aceration
• P uncture • S welling
1.4 The content of an emergency checklist as :
1.4.2 Assessment to own Hazard to self.

Look for your own safety, do not become the next
casualty.
1.4.3 Rescue of the victim
- Remove the victim from dangerous place to a safe
place.
- Remove danger first where applicable e.g
electrocution.
1.4 The content of an emergency checklist as:
- Indications for rescue

1. Danger of fire or explosion.
2. Emission of toxic gases or danger of asphyxia.
3. Risk of drowning
4. Danger of electrocution
5. Danger of wall collapsing
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
End of Topic 1
Topic 2: Body System and Functions
Body Structure and Functions
Objectives:
• Describe the different body structure

of a human being.
• State the functions of the parts forming

the body structure.
BODY SYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS
Skeletal System
Functions:
1. Protects vital organs
2. Framework of the body
Hematopoiesis
- manufacture of blood cells that takes place in
the bone marrow
- Total: 206 bones (adult)
Muscular System
Muscle – responsible for the
movement of the body.
Kinds of Muscles:
1. Striated/skeletal (Voluntary) – under the
control of a person’s will
2. Smooth/Visceral Muscle (involuntary) - person
has little or very limited control over these
muscles and usually not conscious them.
3. Cardiac Muscle (heart) – Able to stimulate
itself into contraction.
Circulatory System
- Delivers oxygen and nutrients
Includes:
1. 1. Heart
2. 2. Blood
3. 3. Blood Vessel
Circulatory System
• Heart
- pumping organ of
the body
- resembles the size
of a closed fist
Blood
A. Plasma (55%) – liquid part which
contains the blood clotting
factors, nutrients and antibodies.
B. Formed Elements (45%)

1. RBC (Red Blood Cell) – carry
oxygen to the rest of the body.
2. WBC (White Blood Cells) –
designed to fight infections.
3. Platelets (Thrombocytes) – help
control bleeding.
BLOOD VESSELS
A. Arteries
- carries oxygenated blood
away from the heart
B. Veins
- carries deoxygenated blood
towards the heart
C. Capillaries
- smallest blood vessels
- carries both oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood
Arteries Veins
Respiratory System
- Provides the body with oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Compose of:
1. Lungs – organ for
respiration/breathing.
2. Alveoli – where exchange of O2
and CO2 take place.
3. Trachea - windpipe
Integumentary System
Functions:
• The largest organ in the body
• First line of defense against
injury
• and microorganisms
• Maintains body temperature
• Sensory organ
• Excretory organ
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Functions:
• Digestive System
• Take in food
• Breaks down the food
• Absorbs digestive
molecules
• Provides nutrients
• Eliminates waste materials
Urinary System
Functions:
• Urinary System
• Excretion of waste
materials
• Regulation of blood volume
and pressure
• Regulates the
concentration of solutes
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Functions:
• The major controlling,
regulatory, and communicating
system in the body
• The spinal cord is a bundle of
long nerve tracts connecting the
brain to each part of the body.
• The spinal cord leaves the
under- surface of the brain
through an opening in the base
of the skull and passes down a
canal in the vertebral column
Topic 3: Positioning of Casualty
3. Positioning of Casualty
• 3.1 Appropriate procedures for positioning a
casualty;
a. It is essential to maintain the airway and ensure that
the tongue, fluids or other objects do not cause an
obstruction.
b. It is also important to reduce the risk of inhalation of
stomach contents. Most effective way of controlling this
problem is to put the unconscious breathing casualty in a
position that ensures the airway remains open by draining
away any vomitus allowing the relaxed tongue to move
away from the airway opening
Positioning of Casualty
• 3.2 Procedures for positioning casualties:
a. Recovery Position –this positions ensures that an open
airway is maintained.
Infant Recovery Position
Place the infant face
down over your arm with
the head slightly lower
than the body. Support
the head and neck with
your hand, keeping the
mouth and nose clear.
Wait for help to arrive.
• B. Log Roll Technique
-With the casualty on his back,
support the casualty’s head and
neck, holding the head, neck
and spine in a straight line.
-Two helpers should kneel on one side of the casualty,
and the others on the other side (evenly spaced).
- Ask the helpers to straighten his
or her limbs gently.
- Direct the helpers to roll the
casualty, keeping the head,
body, and toes in a straight line
at all times.
- The helpers should hold the hip,
thigh and calf (the back part of
the leg below the knee) to steady the leg.
Topic 4: The Unconscious Casualty
UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTY
• Unconsciousness is a state of unawareness as a

result of an interruption of the normal activity of the
brain.
• A conscious person is aware of himself and his
surroundings whereas some one who is unconscious
may not be completely aware of surrounding.
• The seriousness of the condition can be gauged by
testing the casualty's response to stimuli such as
sound and pain.
• 4.1 Signs and hazards of unconsciousness can occur
as a result of:
1. Head Injury
2. Disturbances of blood supply to the brain.
a. Heart attack
b. Fainting
3. Disturbance of the chemical content of the blood
a. Suffocation
b. Poisoning
4. Disturbance of the electrical activity of the brain.
a. Epilepsy
4.2 Appropriate measures for unconscious casualty
a. If the person is unconscious from choking:
a.1 Begin CPR. Chest compressions may help
dislodge the object.
a.2 If you see something blocking the airway
and it is loose, try to remove it. If the object is
lodged in the person's throat, do NOT try to grasp it.
This can push the object farther into the airway.
a.3 Continue CPR and keep checking to see if the
object is dislodged until medical help arrives.
Topic 5: Resuscitation
Topic 5: Resuscitation
Objectives:
• Recognize the necessity of immediate resuscitation

in appropriate emergency situations.
• State the methods and limiting factors of cardiac

massage and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Apply resuscitation procedure

RESUSCITATION
Basic Life Support
An emergency life-saving procedure that

consists of recognizing and correcting failure of
the respiratory or cardiovascular systems.
RESUSCITATION
5.1 Necessity of immediate resuscitation in

appropriate emergency situations
Basic life support is a sequence of actions aimed at
resuscitating a person whose life is in danger. It is an
emergency lifesaving procedure that consists of
recognizing and correcting failure of the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems.
RESUSCITATION
• A person's life is in danger when one or more of the

two vital functions – breathing (respiratory function)
and blood circulation (cardiac function) – have
ceased or are about to cease and death is likely if
proper action is not taken immediately.
RESUSCITATION
THE ABC SEQUENCE OF BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

• Basic life support restores the two vital functions:
breathing and blood circulation.
• It uses an "ABC" sequence of actions to ensure an

open Airway aimed at restoring Breathing and blood
Circulation.
RESUSCITATION
• Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the main

component of basic life support: it consists of
artificial respiration and external cardiac
compression
SHAKE AND SHOUT

• Before starting basic life support, shake the patient
vigorously by the shoulder or leg and at the same
time shout or call the patient's name if you know it.
RESUSCITATION
AIRWAY - IF BLOCKED, OPEN IT

• Remove any loose-fitting dentures.
• Check for obvious spinal injury.
• Tilt the patient's head back by exerting pressure on
the upper forehead with one hand (head tilt – chin
lift)
• Use two fingers of the other hand to raise the chin.
RESUSCITATION
• If spinal injury is suspected, tilt the head back, but

only enough to keep the airway open, and pull the
lower jaw forward rather than raising the chin.
• Use your fingers to remove any visible obstructions

from the patient's mouth and throat.
RESUSCITATION
BREATHING - IF STOPPED, RESTART IT

• Look, listen, and feel for signs of regular breathing.
CIRCULATION - IF STOPPED, RESTART IT

• Check the patient's pulse.
5.2 RESUSCITATION PROCEDURES
1. MOUTH-TO-MOUTH RESCUE BREATHING
• Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface.
Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the
airway is clear. If an object is present, try to sweep it
out with your fingers.
• Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Put
upward pressure on the jaw to pull it forward.
• Pinch the nostrils closed with thumb and index
finger. Place your mouth tightly over the person's
mouth. Use a mouthpiece if one is available. Blow
two quick breaths and watch for the person's chest
to rise.
• Release the nostrils. Look for the person's chest to
fall as he or she exhales. Listen for the sounds of
breathing. Feel for the person's breath on your
cheek. If the person does not start breathing on his
or her own, repeat the procedure.
2. MOUTH-TO-NOSE RESCUE BREATHING
• Use mouth-to-nose rescue breathing if any one of
the following conditions applies:
 the patient's mouth cannot be opened;
 a tight seal cannot be obtained around the
patient's lips;
 an obstruction cannot be removed from the
patient's mouth;
• Keep the patient's head tilted back with one hand:
use the other hand to lift the patient's lower jaw to
seal the lips.
• Take a deep breath, seal your lips around the
patient's nose and breathe into it forcefully and
steadily until the patient's chest rises.
• Remove your mouth and allow the patient to exhale
passively.
3. CARDIO PULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
- Combination of artificial respiration and
external chest compression.
- Given to a person who is suffering from cardiac
arrest.
CPR ALGORITHM
• Survey the scene (obtain consent).
• Check for responsiveness by tapping the
shoulders.
• If NO RESPONSE Activate Emergency Response
System.(through mobile or send someone)
• Check breathing or only gasping and check if pulse
(simultaneously) is felt for 10 seconds.
• If: a. normal breathing and (+) pulse
*Monitor until response team arrives
b. (-) breathing (+) pulse
*Perform rescue breathing
c. (-) breathing (-) pulse
*Start compressions.(CPR)
• Locate the compression site. Place 1 heel of the
hand, other hand on the top at the lower half of the
breastbone (sternum).
• Start CPR with the ratio of 30:2 for 5
cycles . Make sure elbows are straight
upon compression.
• Allow chest recoil for every compression.
• Compression rate must be 100-120
compressions per minute and depth is at
least 2 inches.
• Hands must be off with the rib cage.
• Re- check circulation (carotid pulse) every
after 2 minutes of CPR for 10 seconds.
• If no pulse and breathing repeat STEP 5.
If (+) pulse and (+) breathing
PLACE ON RECOVERY POSITION
RESUSCITATION
Neonate /
Adult CPR Child CPR
Infant
RESUSCITATION
Compression Area
Lower half of
the
breastbone
(strenum)
RESUSCITATION
Compression Depth
Adult - at least 2
inches
Child - about 2
inches
Infant - 1½ inches
RESUSCITATION
Compression Rate
100 -120
compressions
per minute
RESUSCITATION
Compression and
Ventilation Ratio
Adult - 1 or 2 rescuers 30:2
Child and infant:
1 rescuer 30:2
2 of more rescuers 15:2
RESUSCITATION
Number of Cycles for 2

minutes
Adult - 1 or 2 rescuers 5 Cycles
Child and infant:
1 rescuer 5 Cycles
2 of more rescuers 10 Cycles
RESUSCITATION
Counting for Standardization

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 1 then
give ventilations
(give 1 breath
every 6 seconds)
RESUSCITATION
When To Stop B.L.S.

S - Spontaneous breathing
and pulse resumes
T - Turned over to medical team
O- Operator is exhausted
P - Physician assumes
responsibility
S - Scene becomes unsafe
4. CARDIAC MASSAGE
- an emergency procedure that employs rhythmic
compression of the heart (either through the chest
wall or, during surgery, directly to the heart) in an
attempt to maintain circulation during cardiac arrest
Topic 6: Bleeding
Bleeding
Bleeding
-the escape of blood from the vessels.
Three types of Bleeding:

1. Arterial Bleeding – blood carried in
the arteries is normally oxygenated and
bright red. It comes from the heart so it
is under pressure and often spurts from
a wound.
Bleeding
Bleeding
2. Venous Bleeding – It has less oxygen and
its darker red. It flows in low pressure and
it doesn’t spurts from a wound.
3. Capillary Bleeding – Most common type

of bleeding, it oozes from a wound.
Bleeding
6.1 Hazards of Bleeding

1. Internal bleeding
(Closed Wound)
Signs and Symptoms:
 pale, moist,
clammy skin
 rapid and weak pulse
 nausea
 shortness of breath
 dilated pupils
Bleeding
First Aid Management for

Internal Bleeding (Closed Wound)
I Immobilization
C Cold Application
Elevation
E
Bleeding
2. External Bleeding (Open Wound)

Kinds of External Bleeding (Open Wound):
1. Incision – clean cut caused by a sharp-
edged object.
2. Abrasions –a small graze

Bleeding
External Bleeding (Open Wound)

3. Laceration - a deep, jagged opening in the tissue.
4. Avulsion - is an injury in which a body structure is

forcibly detached from its normal point of insertion
by either trauma or surgery.
Bleeding
External Bleeding (Open Wound)

5. Puncture - a small hole made by a sharp object.
Bleeding
6.2 Basic Measures to limit bleeding:

Management for Minor Bleeding:
1. Wash wound with

soap and water.
2. Apply mild
antiseptic.
3. Cover the wound

with dressing and
bandage (optional).
Management for Severe Bleeding
1. Control the Bleeding
a. Direct c. Pressure
b. Elevate
Pressure Point
Bleeding
Pressure Points
Bleeding
Direct Pressure and Pressure Points

Bleeding
2. Cover the wound with dressing and bandage

* Dressing
- is designed to be in direct contact with the
wound
* Bandage
- is primarily used to hold a dressing in place
Bleeding

3. Care for shock
(Refer to Module 5)
4. Consult to Physician
Bleeding
When all other

means have failed
to control bleeding,
application of
TOURNIQUET
is considered.
(last resort)
Shock
Topic 7: Management of Shock

Shock
Shock
Objectives:
• State the main factors causing shock.
• Recognize the signs of shock.
• State the essential measures of basic shock

management.
• Apply the appropriate measures of basic shock

management.
Shock
Shock
It is the failure of the
cardiopulmonary
system to provide
sufficient blood
circulation to every
part of the body.
Shock
7.1 Basic Causes of Shock

1. Heart (Pump Function)
- Damage to the heart by
disease or injury.
- It cannot move blood
adequately to support
perfusion.
Shock
2. Blood Vessels (Container Function)

- If all the vessels dilate at once,
the normal amount of blood volume
is not enough to fill the system and
provide adequate perfusion to the body.
Shock
3. Blood (Content Function)

- If blood or plasma is lost, the volume
in the container is not enough to
support the perfusion needs of
the body.
Shock
7.2 Signs and Symptoms

A. Early Stage
 Face – pale or cyanotic in color
 Skin – cold and clammy
 Breathing – irregular
 Pulse – rapid and weak
 Nausea and vomiting
 Weakness
 Thirsty
Shock
Signs and Symptoms

B. Late Stage
 Apathetic or relatively
 Unresponsive
 Sunken eyes with vacant expression.
 Dilated pupils.
 Congested blood vessels (mottled appearances)
 Low level Blood pressure.
 Body temperature falls.
 Unconsciousness may occur
Shock
Factors that Contributes to

Shock:
P- Pain
R- Rough Handling
I - Improper transfer
C- Continuous bleeding
E- Extreme temperature
F- Fatigue
Shock
3 Appropriate measures of Basic Shock Management

• Make certain
patient has
open airway.
• Keep patient
supine.
• Control external
bleeding.
Shock
• Splint any broken

bones or joint
injuries.
• Place blankets
under and over
patient.
Shock
• If there are no
broken bones,
elevate the legs
8" to 12".
• Do not give the

patient anything
by mouth.
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Topic 8: Burns, Scalds, and Accidents
Caused by Electricity
Burns, Scalds, and Accidents Caused by Electricity
Burns, Scalds, and Accidents

Objectives:
• Recognize the signs of burns and scalds and of
accidents caused by electric current.
• Apply appropriate measures for burns and scalds
• Apply appropriate measures for chemical burns

Burns, Scalds, and Accidents

Objectives:
• Apply appropriate measures for chemical burns
of eyes
• Apply appropriate measures for accidents caused

by electric current.
BURN - injuries due to exposure to:
Heat & Radiation
Chemical Burn
Electrical Burn
8.1 Signs of Burns, Scalds and

Electrocution
1st Degree Burn (Superficial Burn)

• involves the top layer of
the skin (epidermis)
• skin is red & dry, burn
through
• burn site is painful &
may swell
• generally heal in 5 - 6
days without permanent
scarring.
2nd Degree Burn (Partial Thickness Burn)

• involves both the epidermis
& dermis
• skin is red & with blisters
• skin is moist, mottled & white
to red
• burned skin may look
blotched
• usually painful & the area
often swells
3rd Degree Burn (Full Thickness Burn)

•destroys both layers of the
skin & all the under lying
structures fat, muscles,
bones, & nerves.
•burns may look brown or

charred (black) w/ the
tissues underneath
sometimes appearing white.
Computation
Of Burn
Rule of Nine
8.2 Appropriate measures for burns and

scalds
• Reduce exposure to or contact with steam, flames,
flash and hot surfaces or hot liquids.
• Keep sparks and open flames away from
combustible and flammable materials.
• Avoid reaching over or through hot surfaces, pipes
or chemicals.
• If you are not sure if equipment is hot, do not touch
without the proper protective equipment. When it
comes to burn hazards, always use extra caution.
First Aid Management for Chemical Burn

Remove the cause of the burn
- Brush any remaining dry
chemical
- Rinse with running water for
15 to 20 minutes or more.
- Remove clothing or jewelry that
has been contaminated.
Wrap the burned area loosely
- use a dry, sterile dressing or a
clean cloth.
- Rewash the burned area if:

(+) burning sensation
- Take an over-the-
counter pain reliever
•Aspirin
•Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin),
•Naproxen (Aleve) or
•Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- Transport quickly
8.3 Appropriate measure to chemical burns

1. Protect Yourself
- Put on gloves or apron, if possible.
- Avoid exposing yourself to chemicals.
2. Rinse and Clear Burn Area
- Flood area with cool water for at least 20 minutes or until
help arrives.
- Don't put antibiotic ointment on the burn.
3. Cover a Small Burn Area
- You can wrap a small burn with dry, sterile gauze or clean
cloth.
Chemical Burn to the Eye

1. Alkali Burns
-are the most dangerous, more damage occurs with higher pH
-penetrates the surface of the eye causing severe injury to the cornea
and the internal structures like the lens

2. Acid Burns
-result from chemicals with a low pH and are usually less severe
than alkali burns because they do not penetrate into the eye as
readily as alkaline substances.
-Exception: hydrofluoric acid which is as dangerous as an alkali
burn.

3. Irritants
-are substances that have a neutral pH and tend to cause more
discomfort to the eye than actual damage
Ex. Pepper spray
Chemical Eye Burn Symptoms

Pain
 Redness
 Irritation
 Tearing
 Inability to keep the eye open
 Sensation of something in the eye
 Swelling of the eyelids
 Blurred vision
8.4 Chemical Burn to the Eye

Management:
* If the burns are minor:
antibiotic eye drops
oral pain medications.
dilating eye drops to help with
comfort
eye patch

Management:
- Even though it may be uncomfortable, open
your eyelids as wide as possible as you rinse
them out.
- If an alkali or hydrofluoric acid burn has

occurred, continue washing until a doctor arrives
or you have been taken to a Ship's emergency
department.
Electrical Burn
Emergency Management:
Look first. Don't touch . Before touching the casualty, you

must make sure that contact with the electrical source is
closed.
Turn off the source of electricity if possible. If not, move the

source away from both you and the injured person using a
non-conducting object made of cardboard, plastic or wood.
 Check for signs of circulation (breathing, coughing or

movement). If absent, begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) immediately.
 Prevent shock. Lay the person down with the head slightly

lower than the trunk and the legs elevated.
 Cover the affected areas. If the person is breathing, cover

any burned areas with a sterile gauze bandage, if available,
or a clean cloth. Don't use a blanket or towel. Loose fibers
can stick to the burns
Topic 9: Rescue and Transport of Casualty
Rescue and Transport of Casualty

Objectives:
•Apply appropriate transportation alone and with the assistance of a
further person, taking into account the confined spaces and varying
heights onboard ship.
• Identify the use of different kinds of transportation aids: stretcher

transport, transport on a chair, transport with a triangular cloth, and
transport illustrated in IMGS.
•Identify the hazards of transporting a patient with injury of pelvis and

/or spine and demonstrate correct procedures for the transport of
such casualties.

• The comfort, safety and well being of the casualty
are among your primary considerations and you
must always make sure the condition will not be
made worse by careless handling or movement.
TRANSFER
- Is the procedure of moving a person from safe
place to much safer place after giving first aid.
- When you have to move the victim for safety

reasons, you must do so quickly but without
moving any body parts if at all possible.
- If the injury
requires a splint, try
to do so before
attempting to move
the victim. If there
isn’t time for a splint,
try to hold the
injured limb in place
as you move the
victim.
9.1 Appropriate transportation alone or

with assistance of another person.
1. Mandhandling
2. Stretchers
3.Triangular Cloth
Topic 10: Other Topics
Other Topics
Bandage
Self-adherent
Padding roll gauze Elastic bandage compression bandage
Roll gauze Fingertip bandage Tape

Other Topics
Bandages
Butterfly
bandage Plastic bandage strip
Knuckle bandage
Large plastic bandage

Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Other Topics
Enclosed space safe work practices

Other Topics
Infectious Diseases
Other Topics

Elementary First Aid Power Point (Efa) - oRIGINAL

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Elementary First Aid Power Point (Efa) - oRIGINAL

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ELEMENTARY

IMO Model Course 1.13

The course is open to all seafarers who are to serve on

4. apply appropriate methods in rescuing and

1.1 Raising the alarm of first aid:

An immediate care given to a

Objectives of First Aid

Roles of First Aid Provider

2. Observant- should notice all signs

3. Tactful- should not alarm victim

4. Empathetic- should comforting

5. Resourceful- should make the be use of things at hand

First aider – is someone who takes charge of an emergency

When a ship is on board, in the absence of medical

All crew members should be prepared to administer

anyone aboard ship may find a casualty and

1.2 Emergency first consideration is for own

– Do not enter an enclosed space unless you are

- Assumed that the space is hostile, rescue team

- Do not move the person without checking for

- Do not give the patient anything to eat or drink.

Never consider anyone to be dead until you and others

GENERAL PRINCIPLES ( FIRST AID)

1.3 Sequence of immediate measures

1.4 The content of an emergency checklist as:

I. Survey the Scene

I. Survey the Scene

II. Primary Survey

II. Primary Survey

II. Primary Survey

*Head Tilt Chin Lift

* Jaw Thrust Maneuver

II. Primary Survey

5. LLF (Look, Listen, Feel)

II. Primary Survey

7. Give 2 initial blows

8. Check carotid pulse

II. Primary Survey

1. “Hey Sir are you okay?” 2x

III. Activate Medical Assistance

Uhf handheld marine radio for ships

• Ask the victim’s name

vent prior to accident General Principles

> Indication of a > Indication of a

IV. Secondary Survey

B. Check Vital Signs

IF: PR > 100 --- Tachycardia

* Brachial Pulse - CPR in children

Monitor Pulse Rate IF:

* RR <10 (Bradypnea, slow breathing), may indicate:

* WHEEZES, may indicate:

Diastolic Pressure the residual pressure

Systolic - Ventricle in motion S1 (lab)

Diastolic - Ventricle at rest S2 (dab)

Automatic Wrist Blood

Mercury Free Light Stethoscope &

Strip Thermometer Clinical Digital

IV. Secondary Survey

1.4.2 Assessment to own Hazard to self.

- Indications for rescue

• Describe the different body structure

• State the functions of the parts forming