Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Andrew D. Beluso, RN
BURN INJURIES
Cell destruction of the layers of the skin and the
resultant depletion of fluid and electrolytes.
Burn size
1. Small burns: body’s response is localized to the
injured area
2. Large or extensive burns:
a. consist of 25% or more of the total body surface area
(TBSA)
b. body’s response to injury is systemic
c. affect all of the major systems of the body
Characteristics
1. Minor Burns
a. Partial thickness burns are no greater than 15% of the
TBSA in the adult
b. Full thickness burns are < 2% of the TBSA in the adult
c. Burn areas do not involve the eyes, ears, hands, face,
feet, or perineum
d. There are no electrical burns or inhalation injuries
e. The client is an adult younger than 60 y.o.
f. The client has no preexisting medical condition at the
time of the burn injury
g. No other injury occurred with the burn
Characteristics
2. Moderate Burns
a. Partial thickness burns are deep and are 15% to 25% of
the TBSA in the adult
b. Full thickness burns are 2% to 10% of the TBSA in the
adult
c. Burn areas do not involve the eyes, ears, hands, face,
feet, or perineum
d. There are no electrical burns or inhalation injuries
e. The client is an adult younger than 60 y.o.
f. The client has no chronic cardiac, pulmonary, or
endocrine disorder at the time of the burn injury
g. No other complicated injury occurred with the burn
Characteristics
3. Major Burns
a. Partial thickness burns are > 25% of the TBSA in the
adult
b. Full thickness burns are > 10% of the TBSA
c. Burn areas involve the eyes, ears, hands, face, feet, or
perineum
d. The burn injury was an electrical or inhalation injury
e. The client is older than 60 y.o.
f. The client has a chronic cardiac, pulmonary, or
metabolic disorder at the time of the burn injury
g. Burns are accompanied by other injuries
Estimating the extent of injury
Rule of nine Lund and Browder Method
- Modifies percentages for body segments acc. to age
9 - Provides a more accurate estimate of the burn size
- Uses a diagram of the body divided into sections,
9 9
with the representative % of the TBSA for ages
18
throughout the lifespan
- Should be reevaluated after initial wound
debridement
1
18 18
Assessment of Burn Injury
Extent / Degree Assessment of Extent Reparative Process
First Degree Pink to red: slight edema, which In about 5 days, epidermis peels, heals
subsides quickly. spontaneously.
Pain may last up to 48 hours. Itching and pink skin persist for about a
Relieved by cooling. week.
Sunburn is a typical example. No scarring.
Heals spont. If it does not become
infected w/in 10 days - 2 weeks.
Second degree Superficial:
Pink or red; blisters form (vesicles); Takes several weeks to heal.
weeping, edematous, elastic. Scarring may occur.
Superficial layers of skin are
destroyed; wound moist and painful.
Deep dermal:
Mottled white and red: edematous Takes several weeks to heal.
reddened areas blanch on pressure.
Scarring may occur.
May be yellowish but soft and elastic
– may or may not be sensitive to
touch; sensitive to cold air.
Hair does not pull out easily
Assessment of Burn Injury
Extent / Degree Assessment of Extent Reparative Process
Third degree Destruction of epithelial cells – Eschar must be removed. Granulation
epidermis and dermis destroyed tissue forms to nearest epithelium
Reddened areas do not blanch with from wound margins or support graft.
pressure. For areas larger than 3-5 cm, grafting
Not painful; inelastic; coloration is required.
varies from waxy white to brown; Expect scarring and loss of skin
leathery devitalized tissue is called function.
eschar. Area requires debridement, formation
Destruction of epithelium, fat, of granulation tissue, and grafting.
muscles, and bone.
BURN
↑ Vascular permeability
Edema ↑ Hematocrit
↓ IV volume ↑ Viscosity
↑ Peripheral resistance
↓ Cardiac output
HEMODYNAMIC / SYSTEMIC CHANGES
A. Initially hyponatremia and hyperkalemia occur. Followed by
hypokalemia as fluid shifts occur and K+ is not replaced.
• The hematocrit level increases as a result of plasma loss; this initial
increase falls to below normal at the 3rd to 4th day postburn as a result
of the RBC damage and loss at the time of injury.
A. Initially, the body shunts blood from the kidneys, causing oliguria; then
the body begins to reabsorb fluid, and diuresis of the excess fluid
occurs over the next days to weeks.
B. Blood flow to the GIT is diminished, leading to intestinal ileus and GI
dysfunction.
C. Immune system function is depressed, resulting in
immunosuppression and thus increasing the risk of infection and
sepsis.
D. Pulmonary hypertension can develop, resulting in a decrease in the
arterial O2 tension and a decrease in lung compliance.
E. Evaporative fluid losses through the burn wound are greater than
normal, and the losses continue until complete wound closure occurs
F. If the intravascular space is not replenished with IV fluids,
hypovolemic shock and ultimately death will occur.
BURN INTERVENTIONS
MAINTAIN AIRWAY
FLUID RESUSCITATION
RELIEVE PAIN
PREVENT INFECTION
PROVIDE NUTRITION
PREVENT STRESS ULCERATION
PROVIDE PSYCHOLOGIC SUPPORT
PREVENT CONTRACTURES
MANAGEMENT OF THE BURN INJURY
Phases of Management of the Burn Injury
Emergent phase
- begins at the time of injury and ends with the restoration of capillary
permeability, usually at 48-72 hours after the injury
- the 1˚ goal is to prevent hypovolemic shock and preserve vital organ
functioning
- includes prehospital care and emergency room care
Resuscitative phase
- begins w/ the initiation of fluids and ends when capillary integrity returns
to near normal levels and the large fluid shifts have decreased
- the amount of fluid administered is based on the client’s weight and extent
of injury
- most fluid replacement formulas are calculated from the time of injury and
not from the time of arrival at the hospital
- the goal is to prevent shock by maintaining adequate circulating blood
volume and maintaining vital organ perfusion
Acute phase
- begins when the client is hemodynamically stable, capillary
permeability is restored, and diuresis has begun
- usually begins 48 - 72 hours after the time of injury
- emphasis during this phase is placed on restorative therapy, and the
phase continues until wound closure is achieved
- the focus is on infection control, wound care, wound closure,
nutritional support, pain management, and physical therapy
Rehabilitative phase
- final phase of burn care
- overlaps the acute care phase and goes well beyond hospitalization
- goals of this phase are designed so that the client can gain
independence and achieve maximal function
FLUID SHIFTING IN BURNS
2nd 24 hours:
0.5ml colloid x weight in kg x TBSA + 2000ml D5W run concurrently
over the 24 hour period
0.5ml x 70kg x 80% = 2800 ml colloid + 2000 ml D5W
= 117 ml colloid/hour + 84 ml D5W/hour
PAIN MANAGEMENT
Administer morphine sulfate or meperidine (Demerol), as
prescribed, by the IV route
Avoid IM or SC routes because absorption through the soft tissue is
unreliable when hypovolemia and large fluid shifts are occurring
Avoid administering medication by the oral route, because of the
possibility of GI dysfunction
Medicate the client prior to painful procedures
NUTRITION
Essential to promote wound healing and prevent infection
Maintain nothing by mouth (NPO) status until the bowel sounds are
heard; then advance to clear liquids as prescribed
Nutrition may be provided via enteral tube feeding, peripheral
parenteral nutrition, or total parenteral nutrition
Provide a diet high in protein, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins
ESCHAROTOMY
A lengthwise incision is made through the burn eschar to relieve
constriction and pressure and to improve circulation
Performed for circulatory compromise resulting from circumferential
burns
After escharotomy, assess pulses, color, movement, and sensation
of affected extremity and control any bleeding with pressure
Pack incision gently with fine mesh gauze for 24 hours after
escharotomy, as prescribed
Apply topical antimicrobial agents as prescribed
FASCIOTOMY
An incision is made, extending through the SQ tissue and fascia
Performed if adequate tissue perfusion does not return after an
escharotomy
Performed in OR under GA, after procedure assess same as above
WOUND CARE
1. The cleansing, debridement and dressing of the burn wounds
2. Hydrotherapy
a. Wounds are cleansed by immersion, showering or spraying
b. Occurs for 30 minutes or less, to prevent increased sodium loss
through the burn wound, heat loss, pain and stress
c. Client should be premedicated prior to the procedure
d. Not used for hemodynamically unstable or those with new skin grafts
3. Debridement
a. Removal of eschar to prevent bacterial proliferation under the eschar
and to promote wound healing
b. May be mechanical, enzymatic or surgical
c. Deep partial- or full-thickness burns: Wound is cleansed and debrided
and topical antimicrobial agents are applied once or twice daily
Open Method Versus Closed Method of Wound Care
Method Advantages Disadvantages
OPEN
Antimicrobial cream Visualization of the Increase chance of
applied, and wound is left wound hypothermia from
open to the air w/o a dressing Easier mobility and joint exposure
Antimicrobial cream is ROM
applied every 12 hrs Simplicity in wound care
CLOSED
Gauze dressings are Decreases evaporative Mobility limitations
carefully wrapped from the fluid and heat loss Prevents effective
distal to the proximal area of Aids in debridement ROM exercises
the extremity to ensure Wound assessment
circulation is not compromised is limited
No 2 burn surfaces should
be allowed to touch; can
promote webbing of digits,
contractures, and poor
cosmetic outcome
Dressings are changed
every 8 – 12 hours
TOPICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS FOR BURNS
Silver sulfadiazine
Most widely used agent and least common incidence of side effects
May cause transient leukopenia that disappears 2-3 days of treatment
Use with either open treatment, light or occlusive dressings
Applied once or twice daily after thorough wound cleansing
Mafenide acetate 10% cream or 5% solution (Sulfamylon)
Painful during and for a while after application
May cause metabolic acidosis, not used if >20% TBSA
Cream must be reapplied 12 hours to maintain therapeutic effectiveness
Solution concentration is maintained with bulky wet dressings, rewet every
2-4 hours
Silver nitrate (0.5% solution)
Stains everything including normal skin brown or black
Monitor electrolyte balance carefully
Other topical dressings
Cerium nitrate
Povidone iodine
Gentamycin
Polymixin B – Bacitracin ointment
WOUND CLOSURE
Prevents infection and loss of fluid
Promotes healing
Prevents contractures
Performed on the 5th to 21st day, depending on the extent of the burn
AUTOGRAFTING
Permanent wound coverage
Surgical removal of a thin layer of the client’s own unburned skin, which is
then applied to the excised burn wound
Monitor for bleeding following the graft because bleeding beneath an
autograft can prevent adherence
Immobilized after the surgery for 3-7 days to allow time to adhere and attach
to the wound bed
Care of the graft site
Care of the donor site
TEMPORARY WOUND COVERINGS
Biological
Amnion
Amniotic membranes from human placenta
Dressing is changed every 48 hours
Allograft (Homograft)
Donated human cadaver skin is harvested w/in 24 hrs after death
Monitor for wound exudate and signs of infection
Rejection can occur w/in 24 hours
Xenograft (Heterograft)
Porcine skin is harvested after slaughter and preserved
Rejection can occur w/in 24 – 72 hours
Replaced every 2-5 days until the wound heals naturally or until closure with
autograft is complete